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File::Spec(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation File::Spec(3)
NAME
File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
SYNOPSIS
use File::Spec;
$x=File::Spec->catfile('a', 'b', 'c');
which returns 'a/b/c' under Unix. Or:
use File::Spec::Functions;
$x = catfile('a', 'b', 'c');
DESCRIPTION
This module is designed to support operations commonly performed on file specifications
(usually called "file names", but not to be confused with the contents of a file, or
Perl's file handles), such as concatenating several directory and file names into a single
path, or determining whether a path is rooted. It is based on code directly taken from
MakeMaker 5.17, code written by Andreas Koenig, Andy Dougherty, Charles Bailey, Ilya
Zakharevich, Paul Schinder, and others.
Since these functions are different for most operating systems, each set of OS specific
routines is available in a separate module, including:
File::Spec::Unix
File::Spec::Mac
File::Spec::OS2
File::Spec::Win32
File::Spec::VMS
The module appropriate for the current OS is automatically loaded by File::Spec. Since
some modules (like VMS) make use of facilities available only under that OS, it may not be
possible to load all modules under all operating systems.
Since File::Spec is object oriented, subroutines should not be called directly, as in:
File::Spec::catfile('a','b');
but rather as class methods:
File::Spec->catfile('a','b');
For simple uses, File::Spec::Functions provides convenient functional forms of these
methods.
METHODS
canonpath
No physical check on the filesystem, but a logical cleanup of a path.
$cpath = File::Spec->canonpath( $path ) ;
Note that this does *not* collapse x/../y sections into y. This is by design. If /foo
on your system is a symlink to /bar/baz, then /foo/../quux is actually /bar/quux, not
/quux as a naive ../-removal would give you. If you want to do this kind of processing,
you probably want "Cwd"'s "realpath()" function to actually traverse the filesystem
cleaning up paths like this.
catdir
Concatenate two or more directory names to form a complete path ending with a directory.
But remove the trailing slash from the resulting string, because it doesn't look good,
isn't necessary and confuses OS/2. Of course, if this is the root directory, don't cut
off the trailing slash :-)
$path = File::Spec->catdir( @directories );
catfile
Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a complete path ending
with a filename
$path = File::Spec->catfile( @directories, $filename );
curdir
Returns a string representation of the current directory.
$curdir = File::Spec->curdir();
devnull
Returns a string representation of the null device.
$devnull = File::Spec->devnull();
rootdir
Returns a string representation of the root directory.
$rootdir = File::Spec->rootdir();
tmpdir
Returns a string representation of the first writable directory from a list of possible
temporary directories. Returns the current directory if no writable temporary
directories are found. The list of directories checked depends on the platform; e.g.
File::Spec::Unix checks $ENV{TMPDIR} (unless taint is on) and /tmp.
$tmpdir = File::Spec->tmpdir();
updir
Returns a string representation of the parent directory.
$updir = File::Spec->updir();
no_upwards
Given a list of file names, strip out those that refer to a parent directory. (Does not
strip symlinks, only '.', '..', and equivalents.)
@paths = File::Spec->no_upwards( @paths );
case_tolerant
Returns a true or false value indicating, respectively, that alphabetic case is not or
is significant when comparing file specifications. Cygwin and Win32 accept an optional
drive argument.
$is_case_tolerant = File::Spec->case_tolerant();
file_name_is_absolute
Takes as its argument a path, and returns true if it is an absolute path.
$is_absolute = File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute( $path );
This does not consult the local filesystem on Unix, Win32, OS/2, or Mac OS (Classic).
It does consult the working environment for VMS (see "file_name_is_absolute" in
File::Spec::VMS).
path
Takes no argument. Returns the environment variable "PATH" (or the local platform's
equivalent) as a list.
@PATH = File::Spec->path();
join
join is the same as catfile.
splitpath
Splits a path in to volume, directory, and filename portions. On systems with no concept
of volume, returns '' for volume.
($volume,$directories,$file) =
File::Spec->splitpath( $path );
($volume,$directories,$file) =
File::Spec->splitpath( $path, $no_file );
For systems with no syntax differentiating filenames from directories, assumes that the
last file is a path unless $no_file is true or a trailing separator or /. or /.. is
present. On Unix, this means that $no_file true makes this return ( '', $path, '' ).
The directory portion may or may not be returned with a trailing '/'.
The results can be passed to "catpath()" to get back a path equivalent to (usually
identical to) the original path.
splitdir
The opposite of "catdir".
@dirs = File::Spec->splitdir( $directories );
$directories must be only the directory portion of the path on systems that have the
concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates files from directories.
Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty directory names ('') can
be returned, because these are significant on some OSes.
catpath()
Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. Under Unix,
$volume is ignored, and directory and file are concatenated. A '/' is inserted if need
be. On other OSes, $volume is significant.
$full_path = File::Spec->catpath( $volume, $directory, $file );
abs2rel
Takes a destination path and an optional base path returns a relative path from the base
path to the destination path:
$rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path ) ;
$rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path, $base ) ;
If $base is not present or '', then Cwd::cwd() is used. If $base is relative, then it is
converted to absolute form using "rel2abs()". This means that it is taken to be relative
to Cwd::cwd().
On systems with the concept of volume, if $path and $base appear to be on two different
volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two paths, and we will instead simply return
$path. Note that previous versions of this module ignored the volume of $base, which
resulted in garbage results part of the time.
On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the $base filename
as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories.
If $path is relative, it is converted to absolute form using "rel2abs()". This means
that it is taken to be relative to Cwd::cwd().
No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is interaction with the
working environment, as logicals and macros are expanded.
Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
rel2abs()
Converts a relative path to an absolute path.
$abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path ) ;
$abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path, $base ) ;
If $base is not present or '', then Cwd::cwd() is used. If $base is relative, then it is
converted to absolute form using "rel2abs()". This means that it is taken to be relative
to Cwd::cwd().
On systems with the concept of volume, if $path and $base appear to be on two different
volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two paths, and we will instead simply return
$path. Note that previous versions of this module ignored the volume of $base, which
resulted in garbage results part of the time.
On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the $base filename
as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories.
If $path is absolute, it is cleaned up and returned using "canonpath".
No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is interaction with the
working environment, as logicals and macros are expanded.
Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
For further information, please see File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
File::Spec::Win32, or File::Spec::VMS.
SEE ALSO
File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Win32, File::Spec::VMS,
File::Spec::Functions, ExtUtils::MakeMaker
AUTHOR
Currently maintained by Ken Williams "<KWILLIAMS AT cpan.org>".
The vast majority of the code was written by Kenneth Albanowski "<kjahds AT kjahds.com>",
Andy Dougherty "<doughera AT lafayette.edu>", Andreas Koenig
"<A.Koenig AT franz.DE>", Tim Bunce "<Tim.Bunce AT ig.uk>". VMS support by
Charles Bailey "<bailey AT newman.edu>". OS/2 support by Ilya Zakharevich
"<ilya AT math.edu>". Mac support by Paul Schinder "<schinder AT pobox.com>", and
Thomas Wegner "<wegner_thomas AT yahoo.com>". abs2rel() and rel2abs() written by Shigio
Yamaguchi "<shigio AT tamacom.com>", modified by Barrie Slaymaker "<barries AT slaysys.com>".
splitpath(), splitdir(), catpath() and catdir() by Barrie Slaymaker.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2004-2013 by the Perl 5 Porters. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.16.3 2013-01-16 File::Spec(3)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2024-11-21 13:16 @3.131.13.196 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)