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feature(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide feature(3pm)
NAME
feature - Perl pragma to enable new features
SYNOPSIS
use feature qw(say switch);
given ($foo) {
when (1) { say "\$foo == 1" }
when ([2,3]) { say "\$foo == 2 || \$foo == 3" }
when (/^a[bc]d$/) { say "\$foo eq 'abd' || \$foo eq 'acd'" }
when ($_ > 100) { say "\$foo > 100" }
default { say "None of the above" }
}
use feature ':5.10'; # loads all features available in perl 5.10
use v5.10; # implicitly loads :5.10 feature bundle
DESCRIPTION
It is usually impossible to add new syntax to Perl without breaking some existing
programs. This pragma provides a way to minimize that risk. New syntactic constructs, or
new semantic meanings to older constructs, can be enabled by "use feature 'foo'", and will
be parsed only when the appropriate feature pragma is in scope. (Nevertheless, the
"CORE::" prefix provides access to all Perl keywords, regardless of this pragma.)
Lexical effect
Like other pragmas ("use strict", for example), features have a lexical effect. "use
feature qw(foo)" will only make the feature "foo" available from that point to the end of
the enclosing block.
{
use feature 'say';
say "say is available here";
}
print "But not here.\n";
"no feature"
Features can also be turned off by using "no feature "foo"". This too has lexical effect.
use feature 'say';
say "say is available here";
{
no feature 'say';
print "But not here.\n";
}
say "Yet it is here.";
"no feature" with no features specified will reset to the default group. To disable all
features (an unusual request!) use "no feature ':all'".
AVAILABLE FEATURES
The 'say' feature
"use feature 'say'" tells the compiler to enable the Perl 6 style "say" function.
See "say" in perlfunc for details.
This feature is available starting with Perl 5.10.
The 'state' feature
"use feature 'state'" tells the compiler to enable "state" variables.
See "Persistent Private Variables" in perlsub for details.
This feature is available starting with Perl 5.10.
The 'switch' feature
"use feature 'switch'" tells the compiler to enable the Perl 6 given/when construct.
See "Switch Statements" in perlsyn for details.
This feature is available starting with Perl 5.10.
The 'unicode_strings' feature
"use feature 'unicode_strings'" tells the compiler to use Unicode semantics in all string
operations executed within its scope (unless they are also within the scope of either "use
locale" or "use bytes"). The same applies to all regular expressions compiled within the
scope, even if executed outside it.
"no feature 'unicode_strings'" tells the compiler to use the traditional Perl semantics
wherein the native character set semantics is used unless it is clear to Perl that Unicode
is desired. This can lead to some surprises when the behavior suddenly changes. (See
"The "Unicode Bug"" in perlunicode for details.) For this reason, if you are potentially
using Unicode in your program, the "use feature 'unicode_strings'" subpragma is strongly
recommended.
This feature is available starting with Perl 5.12; was almost fully implemented in Perl
5.14; and extended in Perl 5.16 to cover "quotemeta".
The 'unicode_eval' and 'evalbytes' features
Under the "unicode_eval" feature, Perl's "eval" function, when passed a string, will
evaluate it as a string of characters, ignoring any "use utf8" declarations. "use utf8"
exists to declare the encoding of the script, which only makes sense for a stream of
bytes, not a string of characters. Source filters are forbidden, as they also really only
make sense on strings of bytes. Any attempt to activate a source filter will result in an
error.
The "evalbytes" feature enables the "evalbytes" keyword, which evaluates the argument
passed to it as a string of bytes. It dies if the string contains any characters outside
the 8-bit range. Source filters work within "evalbytes": they apply to the contents of
the string being evaluated.
Together, these two features are intended to replace the historical "eval" function, which
has (at least) two bugs in it, that cannot easily be fixed without breaking existing
programs:
o "eval" behaves differently depending on the internal encoding of the string, sometimes
treating its argument as a string of bytes, and sometimes as a string of characters.
o Source filters activated within "eval" leak out into whichever file scope is currently
being compiled. To give an example with the CPAN module Semi::Semicolons:
BEGIN { eval "use Semi::Semicolons; # not filtered here " }
# filtered here!
"evalbytes" fixes that to work the way one would expect:
use feature "evalbytes";
BEGIN { evalbytes "use Semi::Semicolons; # filtered " }
# not filtered
These two features are available starting with Perl 5.16.
The 'current_sub' feature
This provides the "__SUB__" token that returns a reference to the current subroutine or
"undef" outside of a subroutine.
This feature is available starting with Perl 5.16.
The 'array_base' feature
This feature supports the legacy $[ variable. See "$[" in perlvar and arybase. It is on
by default but disabled under "use v5.16" (see "IMPLICIT LOADING", below).
This feature is available under this name starting with Perl 5.16. In previous versions,
it was simply on all the time, and this pragma knew nothing about it.
The 'fc' feature
"use feature 'fc'" tells the compiler to enable the "fc" function, which implements
Unicode casefolding.
See "fc" in perlfunc for details.
This feature is available from Perl 5.16 onwards.
FEATURE BUNDLES
It's possible to load multiple features together, using a feature bundle. The name of a
feature bundle is prefixed with a colon, to distinguish it from an actual feature.
use feature ":5.10";
The following feature bundles are available:
bundle features included
--------- -----------------
:default array_base
:5.10 say state switch array_base
:5.12 say state switch unicode_strings array_base
:5.14 say state switch unicode_strings array_base
:5.16 say state switch unicode_strings
unicode_eval evalbytes current_sub fc
The ":default" bundle represents the feature set that is enabled before any "use feature"
or "no feature" declaration.
Specifying sub-versions such as the 0 in 5.14.0 in feature bundles has no effect. Feature
bundles are guaranteed to be the same for all sub-versions.
use feature ":5.14.0"; # same as ":5.14"
use feature ":5.14.1"; # same as ":5.14"
IMPLICIT LOADING
Instead of loading feature bundles by name, it is easier to let Perl do implicit loading
of a feature bundle for you.
There are two ways to load the "feature" pragma implicitly:
o By using the "-E" switch on the Perl command-line instead of "-e". That will enable
the feature bundle for that version of Perl in the main compilation unit (that is, the
one-liner that follows "-E").
o By explicitly requiring a minimum Perl version number for your program, with the "use
VERSION" construct. That is,
use v5.10.0;
will do an implicit
no feature ':all';
use feature ':5.10';
and so on. Note how the trailing sub-version is automatically stripped from the
version.
But to avoid portability warnings (see "use" in perlfunc), you may prefer:
use 5.010;
with the same effect.
If the required version is older than Perl 5.10, the ":default" feature bundle is
automatically loaded instead.
perl v5.16.3 2013-03-04 feature(3pm)
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