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PERLPERF(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLPERF(1)
NAME
perlperf - Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques
DESCRIPTION
This is an introduction to the use of performance and optimization techniques which can be
used with particular reference to perl programs. While many perl developers have come
from other languages, and can use their prior knowledge where appropriate, there are many
other people who might benefit from a few perl specific pointers. If you want the
condensed version, perhaps the best advice comes from the renowned Japanese Samurai,
Miyamoto Musashi, who said:
"Do Not Engage in Useless Activity"
in 1645.
OVERVIEW
Perhaps the most common mistake programmers make is to attempt to optimize their code
before a program actually does anything useful - this is a bad idea. There's no point in
having an extremely fast program that doesn't work. The first job is to get a program to
correctly do something useful, (not to mention ensuring the test suite is fully
functional), and only then to consider optimizing it. Having decided to optimize existing
working code, there are several simple but essential steps to consider which are intrinsic
to any optimization process.
ONE STEP SIDEWAYS
Firstly, you need to establish a baseline time for the existing code, which timing needs
to be reliable and repeatable. You'll probably want to use the "Benchmark" or
"Devel::NYTProf" modules, or something similar, for this step, or perhaps the Unix system
"time" utility, whichever is appropriate. See the base of this document for a longer list
of benchmarking and profiling modules, and recommended further reading.
ONE STEP FORWARD
Next, having examined the program for hot spots, (places where the code seems to run
slowly), change the code with the intention of making it run faster. Using version
control software, like "subversion", will ensure no changes are irreversible. It's too
easy to fiddle here and fiddle there - don't change too much at any one time or you might
not discover which piece of code really was the slow bit.
ANOTHER STEP SIDEWAYS
It's not enough to say: "that will make it run faster", you have to check it. Rerun the
code under control of the benchmarking or profiling modules, from the first step above,
and check that the new code executed the same task in less time. Save your work and
repeat...
GENERAL GUIDELINES
The critical thing when considering performance is to remember there is no such thing as a
"Golden Bullet", which is why there are no rules, only guidelines.
It is clear that inline code is going to be faster than subroutine or method calls,
because there is less overhead, but this approach has the disadvantage of being less
maintainable and comes at the cost of greater memory usage - there is no such thing as a
free lunch. If you are searching for an element in a list, it can be more efficient to
store the data in a hash structure, and then simply look to see whether the key is
defined, rather than to loop through the entire array using grep() for instance. substr()
may be (a lot) faster than grep() but not as flexible, so you have another trade-off to
access. Your code may contain a line which takes 0.01 of a second to execute which if you
call it 1,000 times, quite likely in a program parsing even medium sized files for
instance, you already have a 10 second delay, in just one single code location, and if you
call that line 100,000 times, your entire program will slow down to an unbearable crawl.
Using a subroutine as part of your sort is a powerful way to get exactly what you want,
but will usually be slower than the built-in alphabetic "cmp" and numeric "<=>" sort
operators. It is possible to make multiple passes over your data, building indices to
make the upcoming sort more efficient, and to use what is known as the "OM" (Orcish
Maneuver) to cache the sort keys in advance. The cache lookup, while a good idea, can
itself be a source of slowdown by enforcing a double pass over the data - once to setup
the cache, and once to sort the data. Using "pack()" to extract the required sort key
into a consistent string can be an efficient way to build a single string to compare,
instead of using multiple sort keys, which makes it possible to use the standard, written
in "c" and fast, perl "sort()" function on the output, and is the basis of the "GRT"
(Guttman Rossler Transform). Some string combinations can slow the "GRT" down, by just
being too plain complex for it's own good.
For applications using database backends, the standard "DBIx" namespace has tries to help
with keeping things nippy, not least because it tries to not query the database until the
latest possible moment, but always read the docs which come with your choice of libraries.
Among the many issues facing developers dealing with databases should remain aware of is
to always use "SQL" placeholders and to consider pre-fetching data sets when this might
prove advantageous. Splitting up a large file by assigning multiple processes to parsing
a single file, using say "POE", "threads" or "fork" can also be a useful way of optimizing
your usage of the available "CPU" resources, though this technique is fraught with
concurrency issues and demands high attention to detail.
Every case has a specific application and one or more exceptions, and there is no
replacement for running a few tests and finding out which method works best for your
particular environment, this is why writing optimal code is not an exact science, and why
we love using Perl so much - TMTOWTDI.
BENCHMARKS
Here are a few examples to demonstrate usage of Perl's benchmarking tools.
Assigning and Dereferencing Variables.
I'm sure most of us have seen code which looks like, (or worse than), this:
if ( $obj->{_ref}->{_myscore} >= $obj->{_ref}->{_yourscore} ) {
...
This sort of code can be a real eyesore to read, as well as being very sensitive to typos,
and it's much clearer to dereference the variable explicitly. We're side-stepping the
issue of working with object-oriented programming techniques to encapsulate variable
access via methods, only accessible through an object. Here we're just discussing the
technical implementation of choice, and whether this has an effect on performance. We can
see whether this dereferencing operation, has any overhead by putting comparative code in
a file and running a "Benchmark" test.
# dereference
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Benchmark;
my $ref = {
'ref' => {
_myscore => '100 + 1',
_yourscore => '102 - 1',
},
};
timethese(1000000, {
'direct' => sub {
my $x = $ref->{ref}->{_myscore} . $ref->{ref}->{_yourscore} ;
},
'dereference' => sub {
my $ref = $ref->{ref};
my $myscore = $ref->{_myscore};
my $yourscore = $ref->{_yourscore};
my $x = $myscore . $yourscore;
},
});
It's essential to run any timing measurements a sufficient number of times so the numbers
settle on a numerical average, otherwise each run will naturally fluctuate due to
variations in the environment, to reduce the effect of contention for "CPU" resources and
network bandwidth for instance. Running the above code for one million iterations, we can
take a look at the report output by the "Benchmark" module, to see which approach is the
most effective.
$> perl dereference
Benchmark: timing 1000000 iterations of dereference, direct...
dereference: 2 wallclock secs ( 1.59 usr + 0.00 sys = 1.59 CPU) @ 628930.82/s (n=1000000)
direct: 1 wallclock secs ( 1.20 usr + 0.00 sys = 1.20 CPU) @ 833333.33/s (n=1000000)
The difference is clear to see and the dereferencing approach is slower. While it managed
to execute an average of 628,930 times a second during our test, the direct approach
managed to run an additional 204,403 times, unfortunately. Unfortunately, because there
are many examples of code written using the multiple layer direct variable access, and
it's usually horrible. It is, however, minusculy faster. The question remains whether
the minute gain is actually worth the eyestrain, or the loss of maintainability.
Search and replace or tr
If we have a string which needs to be modified, while a regex will almost always be much
more flexible, "tr", an oft underused tool, can still be a useful. One scenario might be
replace all vowels with another character. The regex solution might look like this:
$str =~ s/[aeiou]/x/g
The "tr" alternative might look like this:
$str =~ tr/aeiou/xxxxx/
We can put that into a test file which we can run to check which approach is the fastest,
using a global $STR variable to assign to the "my $str" variable so as to avoid perl
trying to optimize any of the work away by noticing it's assigned only the once.
# regex-transliterate
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Benchmark;
my $STR = "$$-this and that";
timethese( 1000000, {
'sr' => sub { my $str = $STR; $str =~ s/[aeiou]/x/g; return $str; },
'tr' => sub { my $str = $STR; $str =~ tr/aeiou/xxxxx/; return $str; },
});
Running the code gives us our results:
$> perl regex-transliterate
Benchmark: timing 1000000 iterations of sr, tr...
sr: 2 wallclock secs ( 1.19 usr + 0.00 sys = 1.19 CPU) @ 840336.13/s (n=1000000)
tr: 0 wallclock secs ( 0.49 usr + 0.00 sys = 0.49 CPU) @ 2040816.33/s (n=1000000)
The "tr" version is a clear winner. One solution is flexible, the other is fast - and
it's appropriately the programmer's choice which to use.
Check the "Benchmark" docs for further useful techniques.
PROFILING TOOLS
A slightly larger piece of code will provide something on which a profiler can produce
more extensive reporting statistics. This example uses the simplistic "wordmatch" program
which parses a given input file and spews out a short report on the contents.
# wordmatch
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
=head1 NAME
filewords - word analysis of input file
=head1 SYNOPSIS
filewords -f inputfilename [-d]
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This program parses the given filename, specified with C<-f>, and displays a
simple analysis of the words found therein. Use the C<-d> switch to enable
debugging messages.
=cut
use FileHandle;
use Getopt::Long;
my $debug = 0;
my $file = '';
my $result = GetOptions (
'debug' => \$debug,
'file=s' => \$file,
);
die("invalid args") unless $result;
unless ( -f $file ) {
die("Usage: $0 -f filename [-d]");
}
my $FH = FileHandle->new("< $file") or die("unable to open file($file): $!");
my $i_LINES = 0;
my $i_WORDS = 0;
my %count = ();
my @lines = <$FH>;
foreach my $line ( @lines ) {
$i_LINES++;
$line =~ s/\n//;
my @words = split(/ +/, $line);
my $i_words = scalar(@words);
$i_WORDS = $i_WORDS + $i_words;
debug("line: $i_LINES supplying $i_words words: @words");
my $i_word = 0;
foreach my $word ( @words ) {
$i_word++;
$count{$i_LINES}{spec} += matches($i_word, $word, '[^a-zA-Z0-9]');
$count{$i_LINES}{only} += matches($i_word, $word, '^[^a-zA-Z0-9]+$');
$count{$i_LINES}{cons} += matches($i_word, $word, '^[(?i:bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz)]+$');
$count{$i_LINES}{vows} += matches($i_word, $word, '^[(?i:aeiou)]+$');
$count{$i_LINES}{caps} += matches($i_word, $word, '^[(A-Z)]+$');
}
}
print report( %count );
sub matches {
my $i_wd = shift;
my $word = shift;
my $regex = shift;
my $has = 0;
if ( $word =~ /($regex)/ ) {
$has++ if $1;
}
debug("word: $i_wd ".($has ? 'matches' : 'does not match')." chars: /$regex/");
return $has;
}
sub report {
my %report = @_;
my %rep;
foreach my $line ( keys %report ) {
foreach my $key ( keys %{ $report{$line} } ) {
$rep{$key} += $report{$line}{$key};
}
}
my $report = qq|
$0 report for $file:
lines in file: $i_LINES
words in file: $i_WORDS
words with special (non-word) characters: $i_spec
words with only special (non-word) characters: $i_only
words with only consonants: $i_cons
words with only capital letters: $i_caps
words with only vowels: $i_vows
|;
return $report;
}
sub debug {
my $message = shift;
if ( $debug ) {
print STDERR "DBG: $message\n";
}
}
exit 0;
Devel::DProf
This venerable module has been the de-facto standard for Perl code profiling for more than
a decade, but has been replaced by a number of other modules which have brought us back to
the 21st century. Although you're recommended to evaluate your tool from the several
mentioned here and from the CPAN list at the base of this document, (and currently
Devel::NYTProf seems to be the weapon of choice - see below), we'll take a quick look at
the output from Devel::DProf first, to set a baseline for Perl profiling tools. Run the
above program under the control of "Devel::DProf" by using the "-d" switch on the command-
line.
$> perl -d:DProf wordmatch -f perl5db.pl
<...multiple lines snipped...>
wordmatch report for perl5db.pl:
lines in file: 9428
words in file: 50243
words with special (non-word) characters: 20480
words with only special (non-word) characters: 7790
words with only consonants: 4801
words with only capital letters: 1316
words with only vowels: 1701
"Devel::DProf" produces a special file, called tmon.out by default, and this file is read
by the "dprofpp" program, which is already installed as part of the "Devel::DProf"
distribution. If you call "dprofpp" with no options, it will read the tmon.out file in
the current directory and produce a human readable statistics report of the run of your
program. Note that this may take a little time.
$> dprofpp
Total Elapsed Time = 2.951677 Seconds
User+System Time = 2.871677 Seconds
Exclusive Times
%Time ExclSec CumulS #Calls sec/call Csec/c Name
102. 2.945 3.003 251215 0.0000 0.0000 main::matches
2.40 0.069 0.069 260643 0.0000 0.0000 main::debug
1.74 0.050 0.050 1 0.0500 0.0500 main::report
1.04 0.030 0.049 4 0.0075 0.0123 main::BEGIN
0.35 0.010 0.010 3 0.0033 0.0033 Exporter::as_heavy
0.35 0.010 0.010 7 0.0014 0.0014 IO::File::BEGIN
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - Getopt::Long::FindOption
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - Symbol::BEGIN
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - Fcntl::BEGIN
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - Fcntl::bootstrap
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - warnings::BEGIN
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - IO::bootstrap
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - Getopt::Long::ConfigDefaults
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - Getopt::Long::Configure
0.00 - -0.000 1 - - Symbol::gensym
"dprofpp" will produce some quite detailed reporting on the activity of the "wordmatch"
program. The wallclock, user and system, times are at the top of the analysis, and after
this are the main columns defining which define the report. Check the "dprofpp" docs for
details of the many options it supports.
See also "Apache::DProf" which hooks "Devel::DProf" into "mod_perl".
Devel::Profiler
Let's take a look at the same program using a different profiler: "Devel::Profiler", a
drop-in Perl-only replacement for "Devel::DProf". The usage is very slightly different in
that instead of using the special "-d:" flag, you pull "Devel::Profiler" in directly as a
module using "-M".
$> perl -MDevel::Profiler wordmatch -f perl5db.pl
<...multiple lines snipped...>
wordmatch report for perl5db.pl:
lines in file: 9428
words in file: 50243
words with special (non-word) characters: 20480
words with only special (non-word) characters: 7790
words with only consonants: 4801
words with only capital letters: 1316
words with only vowels: 1701
"Devel::Profiler" generates a tmon.out file which is compatible with the "dprofpp"
program, thus saving the construction of a dedicated statistics reader program. "dprofpp"
usage is therefore identical to the above example.
$> dprofpp
Total Elapsed Time = 20.984 Seconds
User+System Time = 19.981 Seconds
Exclusive Times
%Time ExclSec CumulS #Calls sec/call Csec/c Name
49.0 9.792 14.509 251215 0.0000 0.0001 main::matches
24.4 4.887 4.887 260643 0.0000 0.0000 main::debug
0.25 0.049 0.049 1 0.0490 0.0490 main::report
0.00 0.000 0.000 1 0.0000 0.0000 Getopt::Long::GetOptions
0.00 0.000 0.000 2 0.0000 0.0000 Getopt::Long::ParseOptionSpec
0.00 0.000 0.000 1 0.0000 0.0000 Getopt::Long::FindOption
0.00 0.000 0.000 1 0.0000 0.0000 IO::File::new
0.00 0.000 0.000 1 0.0000 0.0000 IO::Handle::new
0.00 0.000 0.000 1 0.0000 0.0000 Symbol::gensym
0.00 0.000 0.000 1 0.0000 0.0000 IO::File::open
Interestingly we get slightly different results, which is mostly because the algorithm
which generates the report is different, even though the output file format was allegedly
identical. The elapsed, user and system times are clearly showing the time it took for
"Devel::Profiler" to execute its own run, but the column listings feel more accurate
somehow than the ones we had earlier from "Devel::DProf". The 102% figure has
disappeared, for example. This is where we have to use the tools at our disposal, and
recognise their pros and cons, before using them. Interestingly, the numbers of calls for
each subroutine are identical in the two reports, it's the percentages which differ. As
the author of "Devel::Proviler" writes:
...running HTML::Template's test suite under Devel::DProf shows output()
taking NO time but Devel::Profiler shows around 10% of the time is in output().
I don't know which to trust but my gut tells me something is wrong with
Devel::DProf. HTML::Template::output() is a big routine that's called for
every test. Either way, something needs fixing.
YMMV.
See also "Devel::Apache::Profiler" which hooks "Devel::Profiler" into "mod_perl".
Devel::SmallProf
The "Devel::SmallProf" profiler examines the runtime of your Perl program and produces a
line-by-line listing to show how many times each line was called, and how long each line
took to execute. It is called by supplying the familiar "-d" flag to Perl at runtime.
$> perl -d:SmallProf wordmatch -f perl5db.pl
<...multiple lines snipped...>
wordmatch report for perl5db.pl:
lines in file: 9428
words in file: 50243
words with special (non-word) characters: 20480
words with only special (non-word) characters: 7790
words with only consonants: 4801
words with only capital letters: 1316
words with only vowels: 1701
"Devel::SmallProf" writes it's output into a file called smallprof.out, by default. The
format of the file looks like this:
<num> <time> <ctime> <line>:<text>
When the program has terminated, the output may be examined and sorted using any standard
text filtering utilities. Something like the following may be sufficient:
$> cat smallprof.out | grep \d*: | sort -k3 | tac | head -n20
251215 1.65674 7.68000 75: if ( $word =~ /($regex)/ ) {
251215 0.03264 4.40000 79: debug("word: $i_wd ".($has ? 'matches' :
251215 0.02693 4.10000 81: return $has;
260643 0.02841 4.07000 128: if ( $debug ) {
260643 0.02601 4.04000 126: my $message = shift;
251215 0.02641 3.91000 73: my $has = 0;
251215 0.03311 3.71000 70: my $i_wd = shift;
251215 0.02699 3.69000 72: my $regex = shift;
251215 0.02766 3.68000 71: my $word = shift;
50243 0.59726 1.00000 59: $count{$i_LINES}{cons} =
50243 0.48175 0.92000 61: $count{$i_LINES}{spec} =
50243 0.00644 0.89000 56: my $i_cons = matches($i_word, $word,
50243 0.48837 0.88000 63: $count{$i_LINES}{caps} =
50243 0.00516 0.88000 58: my $i_caps = matches($i_word, $word, '^[(A-
50243 0.00631 0.81000 54: my $i_spec = matches($i_word, $word, '[^a-
50243 0.00496 0.80000 57: my $i_vows = matches($i_word, $word,
50243 0.00688 0.80000 53: $i_word++;
50243 0.48469 0.79000 62: $count{$i_LINES}{only} =
50243 0.48928 0.77000 60: $count{$i_LINES}{vows} =
50243 0.00683 0.75000 55: my $i_only = matches($i_word, $word, '^[^a-
You can immediately see a slightly different focus to the subroutine profiling modules,
and we start to see exactly which line of code is taking the most time. That regex line
is looking a bit suspicious, for example. Remember that these tools are supposed to be
used together, there is no single best way to profile your code, you need to use the best
tools for the job.
See also "Apache::SmallProf" which hooks "Devel::SmallProf" into "mod_perl".
Devel::FastProf
"Devel::FastProf" is another Perl line profiler. This was written with a view to getting
a faster line profiler, than is possible with for example "Devel::SmallProf", because it's
written in "C". To use "Devel::FastProf", supply the "-d" argument to Perl:
$> perl -d:FastProf wordmatch -f perl5db.pl
<...multiple lines snipped...>
wordmatch report for perl5db.pl:
lines in file: 9428
words in file: 50243
words with special (non-word) characters: 20480
words with only special (non-word) characters: 7790
words with only consonants: 4801
words with only capital letters: 1316
words with only vowels: 1701
"Devel::FastProf" writes statistics to the file fastprof.out in the current directory.
The output file, which can be specified, can be interpreted by using the "fprofpp"
command-line program.
$> fprofpp | head -n20
# fprofpp output format is:
# filename:line time count: source
wordmatch:75 3.93338 251215: if ( $word =~ /($regex)/ ) {
wordmatch:79 1.77774 251215: debug("word: $i_wd ".($has ? 'matches' : 'does not match')." chars: /$regex/");
wordmatch:81 1.47604 251215: return $has;
wordmatch:126 1.43441 260643: my $message = shift;
wordmatch:128 1.42156 260643: if ( $debug ) {
wordmatch:70 1.36824 251215: my $i_wd = shift;
wordmatch:71 1.36739 251215: my $word = shift;
wordmatch:72 1.35939 251215: my $regex = shift;
Straightaway we can see that the number of times each line has been called is identical to
the "Devel::SmallProf" output, and the sequence is only very slightly different based on
the ordering of the amount of time each line took to execute, "if ( $debug ) { " and "my
$message = shift;", for example. The differences in the actual times recorded might be in
the algorithm used internally, or it could be due to system resource limitations or
contention.
See also the DBIx::Profile which will profile database queries running under the "DBIx::*"
namespace.
Devel::NYTProf
"Devel::NYTProf" is the next generation of Perl code profiler, fixing many shortcomings in
other tools and implementing many cool features. First of all it can be used as either a
line profiler, a block or a subroutine profiler, all at once. It can also use sub-
microsecond (100ns) resolution on systems which provide "clock_gettime()". It can be
started and stopped even by the program being profiled. It's a one-line entry to profile
"mod_perl" applications. It's written in "c" and is probably the fastest profiler
available for Perl. The list of coolness just goes on. Enough of that, let's see how to
it works - just use the familiar "-d" switch to plug it in and run the code.
$> perl -d:NYTProf wordmatch -f perl5db.pl
wordmatch report for perl5db.pl:
lines in file: 9427
words in file: 50243
words with special (non-word) characters: 20480
words with only special (non-word) characters: 7790
words with only consonants: 4801
words with only capital letters: 1316
words with only vowels: 1701
"NYTProf" will generate a report database into the file nytprof.out by default. Human
readable reports can be generated from here by using the supplied "nytprofhtml" (HTML
output) and "nytprofcsv" (CSV output) programs. We've used the Unix system "html2text"
utility to convert the nytprof/index.html file for convenience here.
$> html2text nytprof/index.html
Performance Profile Index
For wordmatch
Run on Fri Sep 26 13:46:39 2008
Reported on Fri Sep 26 13:47:23 2008
Top 15 Subroutines -- ordered by exclusive time
|Calls |P |F |Inclusive|Exclusive|Subroutine |
| | | |Time |Time | |
|251215|5 |1 |13.09263 |10.47692 |main:: |matches |
|260642|2 |1 |2.71199 |2.71199 |main:: |debug |
|1 |1 |1 |0.21404 |0.21404 |main:: |report |
|2 |2 |2 |0.00511 |0.00511 |XSLoader:: |load (xsub) |
|14 |14|7 |0.00304 |0.00298 |Exporter:: |import |
|3 |1 |1 |0.00265 |0.00254 |Exporter:: |as_heavy |
|10 |10|4 |0.00140 |0.00140 |vars:: |import |
|13 |13|1 |0.00129 |0.00109 |constant:: |import |
|1 |1 |1 |0.00360 |0.00096 |FileHandle:: |import |
|3 |3 |3 |0.00086 |0.00074 |warnings::register::|import |
|9 |3 |1 |0.00036 |0.00036 |strict:: |bits |
|13 |13|13|0.00032 |0.00029 |strict:: |import |
|2 |2 |2 |0.00020 |0.00020 |warnings:: |import |
|2 |1 |1 |0.00020 |0.00020 |Getopt::Long:: |ParseOptionSpec|
|7 |7 |6 |0.00043 |0.00020 |strict:: |unimport |
For more information see the full list of 189 subroutines.
The first part of the report already shows the critical information regarding which
subroutines are using the most time. The next gives some statistics about the source
files profiled.
Source Code Files -- ordered by exclusive time then name
|Stmts |Exclusive|Avg. |Reports |Source File |
| |Time | | | |
|2699761|15.66654 |6e-06 |line . block . sub|wordmatch |
|35 |0.02187 |0.00062|line . block . sub|IO/Handle.pm |
|274 |0.01525 |0.00006|line . block . sub|Getopt/Long.pm |
|20 |0.00585 |0.00029|line . block . sub|Fcntl.pm |
|128 |0.00340 |0.00003|line . block . sub|Exporter/Heavy.pm |
|42 |0.00332 |0.00008|line . block . sub|IO/File.pm |
|261 |0.00308 |0.00001|line . block . sub|Exporter.pm |
|323 |0.00248 |8e-06 |line . block . sub|constant.pm |
|12 |0.00246 |0.00021|line . block . sub|File/Spec/Unix.pm |
|191 |0.00240 |0.00001|line . block . sub|vars.pm |
|77 |0.00201 |0.00003|line . block . sub|FileHandle.pm |
|12 |0.00198 |0.00016|line . block . sub|Carp.pm |
|14 |0.00175 |0.00013|line . block . sub|Symbol.pm |
|15 |0.00130 |0.00009|line . block . sub|IO.pm |
|22 |0.00120 |0.00005|line . block . sub|IO/Seekable.pm |
|198 |0.00085 |4e-06 |line . block . sub|warnings/register.pm|
|114 |0.00080 |7e-06 |line . block . sub|strict.pm |
|47 |0.00068 |0.00001|line . block . sub|warnings.pm |
|27 |0.00054 |0.00002|line . block . sub|overload.pm |
|9 |0.00047 |0.00005|line . block . sub|SelectSaver.pm |
|13 |0.00045 |0.00003|line . block . sub|File/Spec.pm |
|2701595|15.73869 | |Total |
|128647 |0.74946 | |Average |
| |0.00201 |0.00003|Median |
| |0.00121 |0.00003|Deviation |
Report produced by the NYTProf 2.03 Perl profiler, developed by Tim Bunce and
Adam Kaplan.
At this point, if you're using the html report, you can click through the various links to
bore down into each subroutine and each line of code. Because we're using the text
reporting here, and there's a whole directory full of reports built for each source file,
we'll just display a part of the corresponding wordmatch-line.html file, sufficient to
give an idea of the sort of output you can expect from this cool tool.
$> html2text nytprof/wordmatch-line.html
Performance Profile -- -block view-.-line view-.-sub view-
For wordmatch
Run on Fri Sep 26 13:46:39 2008
Reported on Fri Sep 26 13:47:22 2008
File wordmatch
Subroutines -- ordered by exclusive time
|Calls |P|F|Inclusive|Exclusive|Subroutine |
| | | |Time |Time | |
|251215|5|1|13.09263 |10.47692 |main::|matches|
|260642|2|1|2.71199 |2.71199 |main::|debug |
|1 |1|1|0.21404 |0.21404 |main::|report |
|0 |0|0|0 |0 |main::|BEGIN |
|Line|Stmts.|Exclusive|Avg. |Code |
| | |Time | | |
|1 | | | |#!/usr/bin/perl |
|2 | | | | |
| | | | |use strict; |
|3 |3 |0.00086 |0.00029|# spent 0.00003s making 1 calls to strict:: |
| | | | |import |
| | | | |use warnings; |
|4 |3 |0.01563 |0.00521|# spent 0.00012s making 1 calls to warnings:: |
| | | | |import |
|5 | | | | |
|6 | | | |=head1 NAME |
|7 | | | | |
|8 | | | |filewords - word analysis of input file |
<...snip...>
|62 |1 |0.00445 |0.00445|print report( %count ); |
| | | | |# spent 0.21404s making 1 calls to main::report|
|63 | | | | |
| | | | |# spent 23.56955s (10.47692+2.61571) within |
| | | | |main::matches which was called 251215 times, |
| | | | |avg 0.00005s/call: # 50243 times |
| | | | |(2.12134+0.51939s) at line 57 of wordmatch, avg|
| | | | |0.00005s/call # 50243 times (2.17735+0.54550s) |
|64 | | | |at line 56 of wordmatch, avg 0.00005s/call # |
| | | | |50243 times (2.10992+0.51797s) at line 58 of |
| | | | |wordmatch, avg 0.00005s/call # 50243 times |
| | | | |(2.12696+0.51598s) at line 55 of wordmatch, avg|
| | | | |0.00005s/call # 50243 times (1.94134+0.51687s) |
| | | | |at line 54 of wordmatch, avg 0.00005s/call |
| | | | |sub matches { |
<...snip...>
|102 | | | | |
| | | | |# spent 2.71199s within main::debug which was |
| | | | |called 260642 times, avg 0.00001s/call: # |
| | | | |251215 times (2.61571+0s) by main::matches at |
|103 | | | |line 74 of wordmatch, avg 0.00001s/call # 9427 |
| | | | |times (0.09628+0s) at line 50 of wordmatch, avg|
| | | | |0.00001s/call |
| | | | |sub debug { |
|104 |260642|0.58496 |2e-06 |my $message = shift; |
|105 | | | | |
|106 |260642|1.09917 |4e-06 |if ( $debug ) { |
|107 | | | |print STDERR "DBG: $message\n"; |
|108 | | | |} |
|109 | | | |} |
|110 | | | | |
|111 |1 |0.01501 |0.01501|exit 0; |
|112 | | | | |
Oodles of very useful information in there - this seems to be the way forward.
See also "Devel::NYTProf::Apache" which hooks "Devel::NYTProf" into "mod_perl".
SORTING
Perl modules are not the only tools a performance analyst has at their disposal, system
tools like "time" should not be overlooked as the next example shows, where we take a
quick look at sorting. Many books, theses and articles, have been written about efficient
sorting algorithms, and this is not the place to repeat such work, there's several good
sorting modules which deserve taking a look at too: "Sort::Maker", "Sort::Key" spring to
mind. However, it's still possible to make some observations on certain Perl specific
interpretations on issues relating to sorting data sets and give an example or two with
regard to how sorting large data volumes can effect performance. Firstly, an often
overlooked point when sorting large amounts of data, one can attempt to reduce the data
set to be dealt with and in many cases "grep()" can be quite useful as a simple filter:
@data = sort grep { /$filter/ } @incoming
A command such as this can vastly reduce the volume of material to actually sort through
in the first place, and should not be too lightly disregarded purely on the basis of its
simplicity. The "KISS" principle is too often overlooked - the next example uses the
simple system "time" utility to demonstrate. Let's take a look at an actual example of
sorting the contents of a large file, an apache logfile would do. This one has over a
quarter of a million lines, is 50M in size, and a snippet of it looks like this:
# logfile
188.209-65-87.adsl-dyn.isp.belgacom.be - - [08/Feb/2007:12:57:16 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 209 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)"
188.209-65-87.adsl-dyn.isp.belgacom.be - - [08/Feb/2007:12:57:16 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 209 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)"
151.56.71.198 - - [08/Feb/2007:12:57:41 +0000] "GET /suse-on-vaio.html HTTP/1.1" 200 2858 "http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/sony.html" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.2; en-US; rv:1.8.1.1) Gecko/20061204 Firefox/2.0.0.1"
151.56.71.198 - - [08/Feb/2007:12:57:42 +0000] "GET /data/css HTTP/1.1" 404 206 "http://www.rfi.net/suse-on-vaio.html" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.2; en-US; rv:1.8.1.1) Gecko/20061204 Firefox/2.0.0.1"
151.56.71.198 - - [08/Feb/2007:12:57:43 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.2; en-US; rv:1.8.1.1) Gecko/20061204 Firefox/2.0.0.1"
217.113.68.60 - - [08/Feb/2007:13:02:15 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 - "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)"
217.113.68.60 - - [08/Feb/2007:13:02:16 +0000] "GET /data/css HTTP/1.1" 404 206 "http://www.rfi.net/" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)"
debora.to.isac.cnr.it - - [08/Feb/2007:13:03:58 +0000] "GET /suse-on-vaio.html HTTP/1.1" 200 2858 "http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/sony.html" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Konqueror/3.4; Linux) KHTML/3.4.0 (like Gecko)"
debora.to.isac.cnr.it - - [08/Feb/2007:13:03:58 +0000] "GET /data/css HTTP/1.1" 404 206 "http://www.rfi.net/suse-on-vaio.html" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Konqueror/3.4; Linux) KHTML/3.4.0 (like Gecko)"
debora.to.isac.cnr.it - - [08/Feb/2007:13:03:58 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Konqueror/3.4; Linux) KHTML/3.4.0 (like Gecko)"
195.24.196.99 - - [08/Feb/2007:13:26:48 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 3309 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; fr; rv:1.8.0.9) Gecko/20061206 Firefox/1.5.0.9"
195.24.196.99 - - [08/Feb/2007:13:26:58 +0000] "GET /data/css HTTP/1.0" 404 206 "http://www.rfi.net/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; fr; rv:1.8.0.9) Gecko/20061206 Firefox/1.5.0.9"
195.24.196.99 - - [08/Feb/2007:13:26:59 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.0" 404 209 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; fr; rv:1.8.0.9) Gecko/20061206 Firefox/1.5.0.9"
crawl1.cosmixcorp.com - - [08/Feb/2007:13:27:57 +0000] "GET /robots.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 179 "-" "voyager/1.0"
crawl1.cosmixcorp.com - - [08/Feb/2007:13:28:25 +0000] "GET /links.html HTTP/1.0" 200 3413 "-" "voyager/1.0"
fhm226.internetdsl.tpnet.pl - - [08/Feb/2007:13:37:32 +0000] "GET /suse-on-vaio.html HTTP/1.1" 200 2858 "http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/sony.html" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)"
fhm226.internetdsl.tpnet.pl - - [08/Feb/2007:13:37:34 +0000] "GET /data/css HTTP/1.1" 404 206 "http://www.rfi.net/suse-on-vaio.html" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1)"
80.247.140.134 - - [08/Feb/2007:13:57:35 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 3309 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)"
80.247.140.134 - - [08/Feb/2007:13:57:37 +0000] "GET /data/css HTTP/1.1" 404 206 "http://www.rfi.net" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)"
pop.compuscan.co.za - - [08/Feb/2007:14:10:43 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 3309 "-" "www.clamav.net"
livebot-207-46-98-57.search.live.com - - [08/Feb/2007:14:12:04 +0000] "GET /robots.txt HTTP/1.0" 200 179 "-" "msnbot/1.0 (+http://search.msn.com/msnbot.htm)"
livebot-207-46-98-57.search.live.com - - [08/Feb/2007:14:12:04 +0000] "GET /html/oracle.html HTTP/1.0" 404 214 "-" "msnbot/1.0 (+http://search.msn.com/msnbot.htm)"
dslb-088-064-005-154.pools.arcor-ip.net - - [08/Feb/2007:14:12:15 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 3309 "-" "www.clamav.net"
196.201.92.41 - - [08/Feb/2007:14:15:01 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 3309 "-" "MOT-L7/08.B7.DCR MIB/2.2.1 Profile/MIDP-2.0 Configuration/CLDC-1.1"
The specific task here is to sort the 286,525 lines of this file by Response Code, Query,
Browser, Referring Url, and lastly Date. One solution might be to use the following code,
which iterates over the files given on the command-line.
# sort-apache-log
#!/usr/bin/perl -n
use strict;
use warnings;
my @data;
LINE:
while ( <> ) {
my $line = $_;
if (
$line =~ m/^(
([\w\.\-]+) # client
\s*-\s*-\s*\[
([^]]+) # date
\]\s*"\w+\s*
(\S+) # query
[^"]+"\s*
(\d+) # status
\s+\S+\s+"[^"]*"\s+"
([^"]*) # browser
"
.*
)$/x
) {
my @chunks = split(/ +/, $line);
my $ip = $1;
my $date = $2;
my $query = $3;
my $status = $4;
my $browser = $5;
push(@data, [$ip, $date, $query, $status, $browser, $line]);
}
}
my @sorted = sort {
$a->[3] cmp $b->[3]
||
$a->[2] cmp $b->[2]
||
$a->[0] cmp $b->[0]
||
$a->[1] cmp $b->[1]
||
$a->[4] cmp $b->[4]
} @data;
foreach my $data ( @sorted ) {
print $data->[5];
}
exit 0;
When running this program, redirect "STDOUT" so it is possible to check the output is
correct from following test runs and use the system "time" utility to check the overall
runtime.
$> time ./sort-apache-log logfile > out-sort
real 0m17.371s
user 0m15.757s
sys 0m0.592s
The program took just over 17 wallclock seconds to run. Note the different values "time"
outputs, it's important to always use the same one, and to not confuse what each one
means.
Elapsed Real Time
The overall, or wallclock, time between when "time" was called, and when it
terminates. The elapsed time includes both user and system times, and time spent
waiting for other users and processes on the system. Inevitably, this is the most
approximate of the measurements given.
User CPU Time
The user time is the amount of time the entire process spent on behalf of the user on
this system executing this program.
System CPU Time
The system time is the amount of time the kernel itself spent executing routines, or
system calls, on behalf of this process user.
Running this same process as a "Schwarzian Transform" it is possible to eliminate the
input and output arrays for storing all the data, and work on the input directly as it
arrives too. Otherwise, the code looks fairly similar:
# sort-apache-log-schwarzian
#!/usr/bin/perl -n
use strict;
use warnings;
print
map $_->[0] =>
sort {
$a->[4] cmp $b->[4]
||
$a->[3] cmp $b->[3]
||
$a->[1] cmp $b->[1]
||
$a->[2] cmp $b->[2]
||
$a->[5] cmp $b->[5]
}
map [ $_, m/^(
([\w\.\-]+) # client
\s*-\s*-\s*\[
([^]]+) # date
\]\s*"\w+\s*
(\S+) # query
[^"]+"\s*
(\d+) # status
\s+\S+\s+"[^"]*"\s+"
([^"]*) # browser
"
.*
)$/xo ]
=> <>;
exit 0;
Run the new code against the same logfile, as above, to check the new time.
$> time ./sort-apache-log-schwarzian logfile > out-schwarz
real 0m9.664s
user 0m8.873s
sys 0m0.704s
The time has been cut in half, which is a respectable speed improvement by any standard.
Naturally, it is important to check the output is consistent with the first program run,
this is where the Unix system "cksum" utility comes in.
$> cksum out-sort out-schwarz
3044173777 52029194 out-sort
3044173777 52029194 out-schwarz
BTW. Beware too of pressure from managers who see you speed a program up by 50% of the
runtime once, only to get a request one month later to do the same again (true story) -
you'll just have to point out your only human, even if you are a Perl programmer, and
you'll see what you can do...
LOGGING
An essential part of any good development process is appropriate error handling with
appropriately informative messages, however there exists a school of thought which
suggests that log files should be chatty, as if the chain of unbroken output somehow
ensures the survival of the program. If speed is in any way an issue, this approach is
wrong.
A common sight is code which looks something like this:
logger->debug( "A logging message via process-id: $$ INC: " . Dumper(\%INC) )
The problem is that this code will always be parsed and executed, even when the debug
level set in the logging configuration file is zero. Once the debug() subroutine has been
entered, and the internal $debug variable confirmed to be zero, for example, the message
which has been sent in will be discarded and the program will continue. In the example
given though, the \%INC hash will already have been dumped, and the message string
constructed, all of which work could be bypassed by a debug variable at the statement
level, like this:
logger->debug( "A logging message via process-id: $$ INC: " . Dumper(\%INC) ) if $DEBUG;
This effect can be demonstrated by setting up a test script with both forms, including a
"debug()" subroutine to emulate typical "logger()" functionality.
# ifdebug
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Benchmark;
use Data::Dumper;
my $DEBUG = 0;
sub debug {
my $msg = shift;
if ( $DEBUG ) {
print "DEBUG: $msg\n";
}
};
timethese(100000, {
'debug' => sub {
debug( "A $0 logging message via process-id: $$" . Dumper(\%INC) )
},
'ifdebug' => sub {
debug( "A $0 logging message via process-id: $$" . Dumper(\%INC) ) if $DEBUG
},
});
Let's see what "Benchmark" makes of this:
$> perl ifdebug
Benchmark: timing 100000 iterations of constant, sub...
ifdebug: 0 wallclock secs ( 0.01 usr + 0.00 sys = 0.01 CPU) @ 10000000.00/s (n=100000)
(warning: too few iterations for a reliable count)
debug: 14 wallclock secs (13.18 usr + 0.04 sys = 13.22 CPU) @ 7564.30/s (n=100000)
In the one case the code, which does exactly the same thing as far as outputting any
debugging information is concerned, in other words nothing, takes 14 seconds, and in the
other case the code takes one hundredth of a second. Looks fairly definitive. Use a
$DEBUG variable BEFORE you call the subroutine, rather than relying on the smart
functionality inside it.
Logging if DEBUG (constant)
It's possible to take the previous idea a little further, by using a compile time "DEBUG"
constant.
# ifdebug-constant
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Benchmark;
use Data::Dumper;
use constant
DEBUG => 0
;
sub debug {
if ( DEBUG ) {
my $msg = shift;
print "DEBUG: $msg\n";
}
};
timethese(100000, {
'debug' => sub {
debug( "A $0 logging message via process-id: $$" . Dumper(\%INC) )
},
'constant' => sub {
debug( "A $0 logging message via process-id: $$" . Dumper(\%INC) ) if DEBUG
},
});
Running this program produces the following output:
$> perl ifdebug-constant
Benchmark: timing 100000 iterations of constant, sub...
constant: 0 wallclock secs (-0.00 usr + 0.00 sys = -0.00 CPU) @ -7205759403792793600000.00/s (n=100000)
(warning: too few iterations for a reliable count)
sub: 14 wallclock secs (13.09 usr + 0.00 sys = 13.09 CPU) @ 7639.42/s (n=100000)
The "DEBUG" constant wipes the floor with even the $debug variable, clocking in at minus
zero seconds, and generates a "warning: too few iterations for a reliable count" message
into the bargain. To see what is really going on, and why we had too few iterations when
we thought we asked for 100000, we can use the very useful "B::Deparse" to inspect the new
code:
$> perl -MO=Deparse ifdebug-constant
use Benchmark;
use Data::Dumper;
use constant ('DEBUG', 0);
sub debug {
use warnings;
use strict 'refs';
0;
}
use warnings;
use strict 'refs';
timethese(100000, {'sub', sub {
debug "A $0 logging message via process-id: $$" . Dumper(\%INC);
}
, 'constant', sub {
0;
}
});
ifdebug-constant syntax OK
The output shows the constant() subroutine we're testing being replaced with the value of
the "DEBUG" constant: zero. The line to be tested has been completely optimized away, and
you can't get much more efficient than that.
POSTSCRIPT
This document has provided several way to go about identifying hot-spots, and checking
whether any modifications have improved the runtime of the code.
As a final thought, remember that it's not (at the time of writing) possible to produce a
useful program which will run in zero or negative time and this basic principle can be
written as: useful programs are slow by their very definition. It is of course possible
to write a nearly instantaneous program, but it's not going to do very much, here's a very
efficient one:
$> perl -e 0
Optimizing that any further is a job for "p5p".
SEE ALSO
Further reading can be found using the modules and links below.
PERLDOCS
For example: "perldoc -f sort".
perlfaq4.
perlfork, perlfunc, perlretut, perlthrtut.
threads.
MAN PAGES
"time".
MODULES
It's not possible to individually showcase all the performance related code for Perl here,
naturally, but here's a short list of modules from the CPAN which deserve further
attention.
Apache::DProf
Apache::SmallProf
Benchmark
DBIx::Profile
Devel::AutoProfiler
Devel::DProf
Devel::DProfLB
Devel::FastProf
Devel::GraphVizProf
Devel::NYTProf
Devel::NYTProf::Apache
Devel::Profiler
Devel::Profile
Devel::Profit
Devel::SmallProf
Devel::WxProf
POE::Devel::Profiler
Sort::Key
Sort::Maker
URLS
Very useful online reference material:
http://www.ccl4.org/~nick/P/Fast_Enough/
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-optperl.html
http://perlbuzz.com/2007/11/bind-output-variables-in-dbi-for-speed-and-safety.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_analysis
http://apache.perl.org/docs/1.0/guide/performance.html
http://perlgolf.sourceforge.net/
http://www.sysarch.com/Perl/sort_paper.html
AUTHOR
Richard Foley <richard.foley AT rfi.net> Copyright (c) 2008
perl v5.16.3 2013-03-04 PERLPERF(1)
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On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
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