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File: accounting.info, Node: Top, Next: Preface, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
Welcome to the GNU Accounting Utilities! If you don't have a clue
about the accounting utilities, read the introduction. For specfic
information about any of the applications, see the chapter with the
program's name.
This is Edition 6.5.6 of the documentation, updated 16 March 2011
for version 6.5.6 of the GNU Accounting Utilities.
* Menu:
* Preface:: general information about the accounting utilities
* ac:: print statistics about connect time
* accton:: turns accounting on or off
* lastcomm:: list last commands executed
* sa:: print accounting statistics
* dump-acct:: print accounting file in human-readable form
File: accounting.info, Node: Preface, Next: ac, Prev: Top, Up: Top
Preface
*******
Way back a long time ago, Thompson and Ritchie were sitting opposite one
another at the commissary, sipping coffees and discussing their evolving
behemoth.
"This behemoth of ours," said Ken, "is becoming rather popular,
wouldn't you say?" "Yes," said Dennis. "Every time I want to do a
compilation, I have to wait for hours and hours. It's infuriating."
They both agreed that the load on their system was too great. Both
sighed, picked up their mugs, and went back to the workbench. Little
did they know that an upper-management type was sitting just within
earshot of their conversation.
"We are AT&T Bell Laboratories, aren't we?" the upper-management type
thought to himself. "Well, what is our organization best known for?"
The brill-cream in his hair glistened. "Screwing people out of lots of
money, of course! If there were some way that we could keep tabs on
users and charge them through the nose for their CPU time..."
The accounting utilities were born.
Years later Markus Gothe was a facing the CEO at his work, keep
asking him where and how he got the information on other employees
payrolls. There was indeed a conflict, Markus denied all the modus
operandi on how to get held of such copies or information. Plans was
made up to frame him, by interception.
This momement Markus realized the words of Rob Savoye "You cannot
buy yourself free from guilt." He left the room with pride, for making
a stand. However, sadly enogh, the CEO never realized that meaning. You
cannot buy yourself free from guilt; A new revival had come for the GNU
acccounting utilities and so a POSIX-standard.
Seriously though, the accouting utilities can provide a system
administrator with useful information about system usage--connections,
programs executed, and utilization of system resources.
Information about users--their connect time, location, programs
executed, and the like--is automatically recored in files by `init' and
`login'. Four of them are of interest to us: `wtmp', which has records
for each login and logout; `acct', which records each command that was
run; `usracct' and `savacct', which contain summaries of the
information in `acct' by user and command, respectively. Each of the
accounting utilities reports or summarizes information stored in these
files.
`ac'
prints statistics about users' connect time. `ac' can tell you how
long a particular user or group of users were connected to your
system, printing totals by day or for all of the entries in the
`wtmp' file.
`accton'
turns accounting on or off.
`lastcomm'
lists the commands executed on the system, most recent first,
showing the run state of each command. With `last', you can
search the `acct' file for a particular user, terminal, or command.
`sa'
summarizes the information in the `acct' file into the `savacct'
and `usracct' file. It also generates reports about commands,
giving the number of invocations, cpu time used, average core
usage, etc.
`dump-acct'
`dump-utmp'
display `acct' and `utmp' files in a human-readable format.
For more detailed information on any of these programs, check the
chapter with the program title.
A Note on File Names and Locations
==================================
The `wtmp' and `acct' files seem to live in different places and have
different names for every variant of u*x that exists. The name `wtmp'
seems to be standard for the login accounting file, but the process
accounting file might be `acct' or `pacct' on your system. To find the
actual locations and names of these files on your system, specify the
`--help' flag to any of the programs in this package and the
information will dumped to standard output.
Regardless of the names and locations of files on your system, this
manual will refer to the login accounting file as `wtmp' and the
process accounting files as `acct', `savacct', and `usracct'.
Support for Multiple Accounting File Formats under Linux
========================================================
The detailed format of the `acct' file written by the Linux kernel
varies depending on the kernel's version and configuration: Linux
kernels 2.6.7 and earlier write a v0 format `acct' file which
unfortunately cannot store user and group ids (`uid'/`gid') larger than
65535. Kernels 2.6.8 and later write the `acct' file in v1, v2 or v3
formats. (v3 if `BSD_PROCESS_ACCT_V3' is selected in the kernel
configuration, otherwise v1 if on the m68k architecture or v2
everywhere else).
Since version 6.4 the GNU accounting utilities on Linux systems are
able to read all of the v0, v2 and v3 file formats (v1 is not
supported). Thus you do not need to worry about the details given
above. You can even read `acct' files where different records were
written by differently configured kernels (you can find out about the
format of each entry by using the `dump-acct' utility). In case you
ever need to convert an `acct' file to a different format, the `--raw'
option of `dump-acct' does that together with the new `--format' and
`--byteswap' options that determine format and byte order of the output
file.
Multiformat support under Linux is intended to be a temporary
solution to aid in switching to the v3 `acct' file format. So do not
expect GNU acct 6.7 to still contain Multiformat support. In a few years
time, when everybody uses the v3 format, the ability to read multiple
formats at runtime will probably be dropped again from the GNU
accounting utilities. This does not, however, affect the ability to
adapt to the `acct' file format at compile time (when `./configure' is
run). Even GNU acct 6.3.5 (that does not know about multiple file
formats) will yield working binary programs when compiled under a (as
yet hypothetical) Linux kernel 2.6.62 that is only able to write the v3
format.
History of the Accounting Utilities
===================================
I don't have any idea who originally wrote these utilities. If anybody
does, please send some mail to `noel AT gnu.edu' and I'll add your
information here!
Since the first alpha versions of this software in late 1993, many
people have contributed to the package. They are (in alphabetical
order):
`Eric Backus <ericb AT lsid.com>'
Suggested fixes for HP-UX 9.05 using /bin/cc: configure assumed
you were using `gcc' and tacked on `-Wall' etc. He also noticed
that `file_rd.c' was doing pointer arithmetic on a `void *' pointer
(non-ANSI).
`Christoph Badura <bad AT flatlin.org>'
Christoph was a BIG HELP in computing statistics, most notably
k*sec stuff! He also did Xenix testing and contributed some
Makefile fixes and output optimizations.
`Michael Calwas <calwas AT ttd.com>'
Fixed bugs in mktime.c.
`Derek Clegg <dclegg AT apple.com>'
Suggested the simple, elegant fix for *_rd_never_used brain-damage.
`Alan Cox <iiitac AT pyr.uk>'
Original Linux kernel accounting patches.
`Scott Crosby <root AT hypercube.edu>'
Suggested idea behind `--sort-real-time' for `sa'.
`Solar Designer <solar AT false.com>'
Added code for `--ahz' flag in `lastcomm' and `sa'.
`Dirk Eddelbuettel <edd AT miles.ca>'
Managed bug-fixes & etc. for Debian distribution, as well as the
architect of merge of GNU + Debian distributions. A big thanks to
Dirk for kicking me back into gear again after a long period of no
work on this project.
`Jason Grant <jamalcol AT pc-5530.ca>'
Identified a buffer-overrun bug in `sa'.
`Kaveh R. Ghazi <ghazi AT caip.edu>'
Tested the package on many systems with compilers other than gcc.
Fixed K&R C support.
`Susan Kleinmann <sgk AT sgk.net>'
Contributed excellent man pages!
`Alexander Kourakos <Alexander AT Kourakos.com>'
Inspired the `--wide' option for `last'.
`Marek Michalkiewicz <marekm AT i17linuxb.pl>'
Suggested the `--ip-address' flag for `last'.
`David S. Miller <davem AT caip.edu>'
Noticed missing GNU-standard makefile rules.
`Walter Mueller <walt AT pi4.de>'
Noticed install target was missing, and corrected a typo for
prefix in Makefile.in.
`Ian Murdock <imurdock AT gnu.edu>'
Tracked down miscellaneous bugs in sa.c under Linux. Added Debian
package maintenance files.
`Tuomo Pyhala <tuomo AT lesti.fi>'
Reported buggy `--strict-match' flag in `lastcomm'.
`Tim Schmielau <tim AT physik3.de>'
Added Linux multiformat support.
`Luc I. Suryo <root AT patriots.org>'
Suggested the `--user' flag for `lastcomm'.
`Pedro A M Vazquez <vazquez AT iqm.br>'
Fixed bugs in sa.c and tested under FreeBSD.
`Marco van Wieringen <Marco.van.Wieringen AT mcs.org>'
Modified (wrote?) Linux kernel accounting patches.
File: accounting.info, Node: ac, Next: accton, Prev: Preface, Up: Top
1 `ac'
******
The `ac' command prints out a report of connect time (in hours) based
on the logins/logouts in the current `wtmp' file. A total is also
printed out.
The accounting file `wtmp' is maintained by `init' and `login'.
Neither of these programs creates the file; if the file is not there,
no accounting is done. To begin accounting, create the file with a
length of zero. Note that the `wtmp' file can get really big, really
fast. You might want to trim it every once and a while.
GNU `ac' works nearly the same u*x `ac', though it's a little
smarter in its printing out of daily totals--it actually prints _every_
day, rather than skipping to the date of the next entry in the `wtmp'
file.
1.1 Flags
=========
All of the original `ac''s options have been implemented, and a few have
been added. Normally, when `ac' is invoked, the output looks like this:
total 93867.14
where total is the number of hours of connect time for every entry in
the `wtmp' file. The rest of the flags modify the output in one way or
another.
`-d'
`--daily-totals'
Print totals for each day rather than just one big total at the
end. The output looks like this:
Jul 3 total 1.17
Jul 4 total 2.10
Jul 5 total 8.23
Jul 6 total 2.10
Jul 7 total 0.30
`-p'
`--individual-totals'
Print time totals for each user in addition to the usual
everything-lumped-into-one value. It looks like:
bob 8.06
goff 0.60
maley 7.37
root 0.12
total 16.15
`PEOPLE'
Print out the sum total of the connect time used by all of the
users included in people. Note that people is a space separated
list of valid user names; wildcards are not allowed.
`-f FILENAME'
`--file FILENAME'
Read from the file FILENAME instead of the system's `wtmp' file.
`--complain'
When the `wtmp' file has a problem (a time-warp, missing record,
or whatever), print out an appropriate error.
`--reboots'
Reboot records are _not_ written at the time of a reboot, but when
the system restarts; therefore, it is impossible to know EXACTLY
when the reboot occurred. Users may have been logged into the
system at the time of the reboot, and many `ac''s automatically
count the time between the login and the reboot record against the
user (even though all of that time _shouldn't_ be, perhaps, if the
system is down for a long time, for instance). If you want to
count this time, include the flag. *To make `ac' behave like the
one that was distributed with your OS, include this flag.*
`--supplants'
Sometimes a logout record is not written for a specific terminal,
so the time that the last user accrued cannot be calculated. If
you want to include the time from the user's login to the next
login on the terminal (though probably incorrect), include this
flag. *To make `ac' behave like the one that was distributed with
your OS, include this flag.*
`--timewarps'
Sometimes, entries in a `wtmp' file will suddenly jump back into
the past without a clock change record occurring. It is
impossible to know how long a user was logged in when this occurs.
If you want to count the time between the login and the time warp
against the user, include this flag. *To make `ac' behave like the
one that was distributed with your OS, include this flag.*
`--compatibility'
This is shorthand for typing out the three above options.
`-a'
`--all-days'
If we're printing daily totals, print a record for every day
instead of skipping intervening days where there is no login
activity. Without this flag, time accrued during those
intervening days gets listed under the next day where there is
login activity.
`-y'
`--print-year'
Print out the year when displaying dates.
`--print-zeros'
If a total for any category (save the grand total) is zero, print
it. The default is to suppress printing.
`--debug'
Print verbose internal information.
`--tw-leniency VALUE'
Set the time warp leniency value (in seconds). Records in `wtmp'
files might be slightly out of order (most notably when two logins
occur within a one-second period - the second one gets written
first). By default, this value is set to 1 second. Some `wtmp''s
are really screwed up (Suns) and require a larger value here. If
the program notices this problem, time is not assigned to users
unless the `--timewarps' flag is used. See the Problems section
for more information.
`--tw-suspicious VALUE'
Set the time warp suspicious value (in seconds). If two records
in the `wtmp' file are farther than this number of seconds apart,
there is a problem with the wtmp file (or your machine hasn't been
used in a year). If the program notices this problem, time is not
assigned to users unless the `--timewarps' flag is used.
`-V'
`--version'
Print `ac''s version number.
`-h'
`--help'
Print `ac''s usage string and default locations of system files to
standard output.
1.2 Problems
============
For no fault of `ac''s, if two logins occur at the same time (within a
second of each other), each `login' process will try to write an entry
to the `wtmp' file. With file system overhead, it is forseeable that
the entries would get written in the wrong order. GNU `ac'
automatically compensates for this, but some other `ac's may not...
beware.
The FTP Problem
...............
I've tested the standard `ac' in Ultrix 4.2 (DECstation/DECsystem),
SunOS 4.1.1 (Sun3, Sun4, Sparc), Mach 2.5 (Omron/Luna), and DomainOS
10.3 (DN3500). All of these `ac's have trouble parsing entries in
which the line is `ftp'XXXX (XXXX being some number). Whenever these
`ac's see one of these entries, they log everyone out at the time of
the entry.
*HOW IT HAPPENS:* if there is a user logged into the machine when an
ftp connection occurs, (minimally) you'll get a login record for the
user, a login record for the ftp connection, and the logouts for both
afterwards (in either order).
*TANGIBLE RESULT:* the user who was logged in gets 'logged out' at the
time the ftp connection begins, and none of the time spent during or
after the ftp connection. Therefore, when you run GNU `ac', the totals
will most likely be greater than those of your system's `ac' (provided
you specify the other flags that will make GNU `ac' behave like the
system's).
The Shutdown/Reboot Problem
...........................
On Suns, `init' is a little screwed up. For some reason, after a
shutdown record is written, a reboot record is written with a time-stamp
_before_ the shutdown (less than 30 seconds, usually).
*TANGIBLE RESULT:* GNU `ac' will notice the problem, log everyone out
(you can specify if you want the time to be added to the user's total)
and begin a new day entry based on the time of the out-of-sync record.
If you try to print out daily totals, you'll notice that some days
might have two or more entries.
*SOLUTION:* To fix this, a timewarp leniency value has been
implemented. If any record is out of order by this number of seconds
(defaults to 60) it gets ignored. If you need to change this value (if
you think the totals are off because the value is too high), you can
change it using the `--timewarp-value' flag. The rationale for the 60
second default is that of all of the machines with this problem, the
largest timewarp was 45.
Stupid System V Machines
........................
Some `ac''s on System V machines (I've tried SGI Indigo & SGI Indy)
forget to pay attention to the `ut_type' field in a `struct utmp'. As
such, they chalk up a lot of time to non-existant processes called
`LOGIN' or `runlevel'.
*TANGIBLE RESULT:* The amount of total time reported by the system's
`ac' is *really* off. Often, it's several times greater than what it
should be.
*SOLUTION:* GNU `ac' always pays attention to the `ut_type' record, so
there's no possibility of chalking up time to anything but user
processes.
File: accounting.info, Node: accton, Next: lastcomm, Prev: ac, Up: Top
2 `accton'
**********
`accton' turns process accounting on or off. To save process
accounting information in ACCOUNTINGFILE, use:
`accton ACCOUNTINGFILE'
2.1 Flags
=========
`-V'
`--version'
Print `accton''s version number.
`-h'
`--help'
Print `accton''s usage string and default locations of system files
to standard output.
`on'
Turns on process accounting using the default accounting file.
`off'
Turns off process accounting.
File: accounting.info, Node: lastcomm, Next: sa, Prev: accton, Up: Top
3 `lastcomm'
************
`lastcomm' prints out information about previously executed commands.
If no arguments are specified, `lastcomm' will print info about all of
the commands in the `acct' file (the record file). If called with a
command name, user name, or tty name, only records containing those
items will be displayed. For example, to find out which users used
command `a.out' and which users were logged into `tty0', type:
`lastcomm a.out tty0'
This will print any entry for which `a.out' or `tty0' matches in any
of the record's fields (command, name, or tty). If you want to find
only items that match ALL of the arguments on the command line, you
must use the '-strict-match' option. For example, to list all of the
executions of command `a.out' by user `root' on terminal `tty0', type:
`lastcomm --strict-match a.out root tty0'
The order of the arguments is not important.
For each entry the following information is printed:
* command name of the process
* flags, as recorded by the system accounting routines:
- *S* command executed by super-user
- *F* command executed after a fork but without a following exec
- *C* command run in PDP-11 compatibility mode (VAX only)
- *D* command terminated with the generation of a core file
- *X* command was terminated with the signal SIGTERM
* the name of the user who ran the process
* time the process exited
3.1 Flags
=========
This program implements the features of regular u*x `lastcomm' with a
few extra flags. When `lastcomm' is invoked without arguments, the
output looks like this:
nslookup jberman ttypb 0.03 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
comsat root __ 0.03 secs Tue Feb 16 19:19
uptime ctilburg __ 0.11 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
sh F ctilburg __ 0.02 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
sleep ctilburg __ 0.02 secs Tue Feb 16 19:22
ls noel ttyp4 0.19 secs Tue Feb 16 19:23
`--strict-match'
Print only entries that match _all_ of the arguments on the command
line.
`--user NAME'
List records for user with NAME. This is useful if you're trying
to match a username that happens to be the same as a command (e.g.,
`ed').
`--command NAME'
List records for command NAME.
`--tty NAME'
List records for tty NAME.
`-f FILENAME'
`--file FILENAME'
Read from the file FILENAME instead of the system's `acct' file.
`--ahz HZ'
Use this flag to tell the program what `AHZ' should be (in hertz).
This option is useful if you are trying to view an `acct' file
created on another machine which has the same byte order and file
format as your current machine, but has a different value for
`AHZ'.
`-p'
`--show-paging'
Print paging statistics
`--debug'
Print verbose internal information.
`--version'
Print `lastcomm''s version number.
`--help'
Print `lastcomm''s usage string and default locations of system
files to standard output.
File: accounting.info, Node: sa, Next: dump-acct, Prev: lastcomm, Up: Top
4 `sa'
******
`sa' summarizes information about previously executed commands as
recorded in the `acct' file. In addition, it condenses this data into
the `savacct' summary file, which contains the number of times the
command was called and the system resources used. The information can
also be summarized on a per-user basis; `sa' will save this information
into `usracct'. Usage:
`sa [OPTS] [FILE]'
If no arguments are specified, `sa' will print information about all
of the commands in the `acct' file. If command names have unprintable
characters, or are only called once, `sa' will sort them into a group
called `***other'. Overall totals for each field are gathered and
printed with a blank command name.
If called with a file name as the last argument, `sa' will use that
file instead of `acct'.
By default, `sa' will sort the output by sum of user and system time.
The output fields are labeled as follows:
`cpu'
sum of system and user time in cpu seconds
`re'
"real time" in cpu seconds
`k'
cpu-time averaged core usage, in 1k units
`avio'
average number of I/O operations per execution
`tio'
total number of I/O operations
`k*sec'
cpu storage integral (kilo-core seconds)
`u'
user cpu time in cpu seconds
`s'
system time in cpu seconds
Note that these column titles do not appear in the first row of the
table, but after each numeric entry (as units of measurement) in every
row. For example, you might see `79.29re', meaning 79.29 cpu seconds
of "real time."
An asterisk will appear after the name of commands that forked but
didn't call `exec'.
4.1 Flags
=========
The availability of these program options depends on your operating
system. In specific, the members that appear in the `struct acct' of
your system's process accounting header file (usually `acct.h')
determine which flags will be present. For example, if your system's
`struct acct' doesn't have the `ac_mem' field, the installed version of
`sa' will not support the `--sort-cpu-avmem', `--sort-ksec', `-k', or
`-K' options.
In short, all of these flags may not be available on your machine.
`-a'
`--list-all-names'
Force `sa' not to sort those command names with unprintable
characters and those used only once into the ``***other'' group.
`-b'
`--sort-sys-user-div-calls'
Sort the output by the sum of user and system time divided by the
number of calls.
`-c'
`--percentages'
Print percentages of total time for the command's user, system,
and real time values.
`-d'
`--sort-avio'
Sort the output by the average number of disk I/O operations.
`-D'
`--sort-tio'
Print and sort the output by the total number of disk I/O
operations.
`-f'
`--not-interactive'
When using the `--threshold' option, assume that all answers to
interactive queries will be affirmative.
`-i'
`--dont-read-summary-file'
Don't read the information in `savacct'.
`-j'
`--print-seconds'
Instead of printing total minutes for each category, print seconds
per call.
`-k'
`--sort-cpu-avmem'
Sort the output by cpu time average memory usage.
`-K'
`--sort-ksec'
Print and sort the output by the cpu-storage integral.
`-l'
`--separate-times'
Print separate columns for system and user time; usually the two
are added together and listed as `cpu'.
`-m'
`--user-summary'
Print the number of processes and number of CPU minutes on a
per-user basis.
`-n'
`--sort-num-calls'
Sort the output by the number of calls. This is the default
sorting method.
`-p'
`--show-paging'
Print the number of minor and major pagefaults and swaps.
`-P'
`--show-paging-avg'
Print the number of minor and major pagefaults and swaps divided by
the number of calls.
`-r'
`--reverse-sort'
Sort output items in reverse order.
`-s'
`--merge'
Merge the summarized accounting data into the summary files
`savacct' and `usracct'.
`-t'
`--print-ratio'
For each entry, print the ratio of real time to the sum of system
and user times. If the sum of system and user times is too small
to report--the sum is zero--`*ignore*' will appear in this field.
`-u'
`--print-users'
For each command in the accounting file, print the userid and
command name. After printing all entries, quit. *Note*: this flag
supersedes all others.
`-v NUM'
`--threshold NUM'
Print commands which were executed NUM times or fewer and await a
reply from the terminal. If the response begins with `y', add the
command to the `**junk**' group.
`--separate-forks'
It really doesn't make any sense to me that the stock version of
`sa' separates statistics for a particular executable depending on
whether or not that command forked. Therefore, GNU `sa' lumps this
information together unless this option is specified.
`--sort-real-time'
Sort the output by the "real time" (elapsed time) for each command.
`--ahz HZ'
Use this flag to tell the program what `AHZ' should be (in hertz).
This option is useful if you are trying to view an `acct' file
created on another machine which has the same byte order and file
format as your current machine, but has a different value for
`AHZ'.
`--debug'
Print verbose internal information.
`-V'
`--version'
Print `sa''s version number.
`-h'
`--help'
Print `sa''s usage string and default locations of system files to
standard output.
*Note*: if more than one sorting option is specified, the list will
be sorted by the one specified last on the command line.
4.2 Problems
============
I haven't been able to test this on many different machines because the
data files grow so big in a short time; our sysadmin would rather save
the disk space.
Most versions of `sa' that I've tested don't pay attention to flags
like `--print-seconds' and `--sort-num-calls' when printing out
commands when combined with the `--user-summary' or `--print-users'
flags. GNU `sa' pays attention to these flags if they are applicable.
4.2.1 mips sa
-------------
The average memory use is stored as a short rather than a double, so we
suffer from round-off errors. GNU `sa' uses double the whole way
through.
File: accounting.info, Node: dump-acct, Prev: sa, Up: Top
5 `dump-acct'
*************
`dump-acct' dumps some of the contents of one or more `acct' files in
human readable form. Usage:
`dump-acct [OPTS] FILES'
Unless called with the `--raw' option, it prints a table with the
following fields, separated by vertical bars(`|'):
`ac_comm'
name of the executed program
`ac_version'
version of the `acct' file format
`ac_utime'
user time
`ac_stime'
system time
`ac_etime'
elapsed time
`ac_uid'
user id
`ac_gid'
group id
`ac_mem'
(average) memory usage
`ac_io'
number of characters transferred on input/output
`ac_pid'
process id
`ac_ppid'
parent's process id
All times will be given in platform dependent units ("`AHZ'"). Not
all of the above columns will actually appear, depending on what
information your operating system provides in it's `struct acct'.
5.1 Flags
=========
`--ahz HZ'
Use this flag to tell the program what `AHZ' should be (in Hertz).
This option is useful if you are trying to view an `acct' file
created on another machine which has a different value for `AHZ'.
`--byteswap'
Swap the bytes (relative to your system's native byte order) in
`--raw' output.
`--format'
Set output format with `--raw' option.
`-n NUM'
`--num NUM'
Limit the number of lines (or records with `--raw') to print.
`-r'
`--reverse'
Read the accounting file backwards (print latest record first).
`-R'
`--raw'
Don't print human readable output, dump the raw record instead.
Useful to convert between different Linux file formats (see below).
`-h'
`--help'
Print `dump-acct''s usage string and default location of the
accouning file to standard output.
`--byteswap' and `--format' options are only available with Linux
multiformat support. They only affect _output_ with the `--raw' option,
format and byte order of the input are automatically detected. Thus
they are useful to convert between different file formats.
The `--ahz' option affects input and output (except for v3 file
format, which by definition is fixed to `AHZ=100'). If you ever need
to convert between different `AHZ' values, use a two-step process:
First convert to v3 format with the _old_ `AHZ' value, then convert to
the desired output format with the _new_ `AHZ' setting.
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