On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2024-04-27 06:50 @3.142.197.212 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)
Universal 32bit classifier in tc(8) Linux Universal 32bit classifier in tc(8)
NAME
u32 - universal 32bit traffic control filter
SYNOPSIS
tc filter ... [ handle HANDLE ] u32 OPTION_LIST [ offset OFFSET ] [ hashkey HASHKEY ] [
classid CLASSID ] [ divisor uint_value ] [ order u32_value ] [ ht HANDLE ] [ sam-
ple SELECTOR [ divisor uint_value ] ] [ link HANDLE ] [ indev ifname ] [ help ]
HANDLE := { u12_hex_htid:[u8_hex_hash:[u12_hex_nodeid] | 0xu32_hex_value }
OPTION_LIST := [ OPTION_LIST ] OPTION
HASHKEY := [ mask u32_hex_value ] [ at 4*int_value ]
CLASSID := { root | none | [u16_major]:u16_minor | u32_hex_value }
OFFSET := [ plus int_value ] [ at 2*int_value ] [ mask u16_hex_value ] [ shift int_value ]
[ eat ]
OPTION := { match SELECTOR | action ACTION }
SELECTOR := { u32 VAL_MASK_32 | u16 VAL_MASK_16 | u8 VAL_MASK_8 | ip IP | ip6 IP6 | { tcp
| udp } TCPUDP | icmp ICMP | mark VAL_MASK_32 | ether ETHER }
IP := { { src | dst } { default | any | all | ip_address [ / { prefixlen | netmask } ] }
AT | { dsfield | ihl | protocol | precedence | icmp_type | icmp_code } VAL_MASK_8
| { sport | dport } VAL_MASK_16 | nofrag | firstfrag | df | mf }
IP6 := { { src | dst } { default | any | all | ip6_address [/prefixlen ] } AT | priority
VAL_MASK_8 | { protocol | icmp_type | icmp_code } VAL_MASK_8 | flowlabel
VAL_MASK_32 | { sport | dport } VAL_MASK_16 }
TCPUDP := { src | dst } VAL_MASK_16
ICMP := { type VAL_MASK_8 | code VAL_MASK_8 }
ETHER := { src | dst } ether_address AT
VAL_MASK_32 := u32_value u32_hex_mask [ AT ]
VAL_MASK_16 := u16_value u16_hex_mask [ AT ]
VAL_MASK_8 := u8_value u8_hex_mask [ AT ]
AT := [ at [ nexthdr+ ] int_value ]
DESCRIPTION
The Universal/Ugly 32bit filter allows to match arbitrary bitfields in the packet. Due to
breaking everything down to values, masks and offsets, It is equally powerful and hard to
use. Luckily many abstracting directives are present which allow defining rules on a
higher level and therefore free the user from having to fiddle with bits and masks in many
cases.
There are two general modes of invocation: The first mode creates a new filter to delegate
packets to different destinations. Apart from the obvious ones, namely classifying the
packet by specifying a CLASSID or calling an action, one may link one filter to another
one (or even a list of them), effectively organizing filters into a tree-like hierarchy.
Typically filter delegation is done by means of a hash table, which leads to the second
mode of invocation: it merely serves to set up these hash tables. Filters can select a
hash table and provide a key selector from which a hash is to be computed and used as key
to lookup the table's bucket which contains filters for further processing. This is useful
if a high number of filters is in use, as the overhead of performing the hash operation
and table lookup becomes negligible in that case. Using hashtables with u32 basically
involves the following pattern:
(1) Creating a new hash table, specifying it's size using the divisor parameter and ide-
ally a handle by which the table can be identified. If the latter is not given, the
kernel chooses one on it's own, which has to be guessed later.
(2) Creating filters which link to the created table in (1) using the link parameter and
defining the packet data which the kernel will use to calculate the hashkey.
(3) Adding filters to buckets in the hash table from (1). In order to avoid having to
know how exactly the kernel creates the hash key, there is the sample parameter, which
gives sample data to hash and thereby define the table bucket the filter should be
added to.
In fact, even if not explicitly requested u32 creates a hash table for every priority a filter is
being added with. The table's size is 1 though, so it is in fact merely a linked list.
VALUES
Options and selectors require values to be specified in a specific format, which is often
non-intuitive. Therefore the terminals in SYNOPSIS have been given descriptive names to
indicate the required format and/or maximum allowed numeric value: Prefixes u32, u16 and
u8 indicate four, two and single byte unsigned values. E.g. u16 indicates a two byte-
sized value in range between 0 and 65535 (0xFFFF) inclusive. A prefix of int indicates a
four byte signed value. A middle part of _hex_ indicates that the value is parsed in hexa-
decimal format. Otherwise, the value's base is automatically detected, i.e. values pre-
fixed with 0x are considered hexadecimal, a leading 0 indicates octal format and decimal
format otherwise. There are some values with special formatting as well: ip_address and
netmask are in dotted-quad formatting as usual for IPv4 addresses. An ip6_address is spec-
ified in common, colon-separated hexadecimal format. Finally, prefixlen is an unsigned,
decimal integer value in range from 0 to the address width in bits (32 for IPv4 and 128
for IPv6).
Sometimes values need to be dividable by a certain number. In that case a name of the form
N*val was chosen, indicating that val must be dividable by N. Or the other way around:
the resulting value must be a multiple of N.
OPTIONS
U32 recognizes the following options:
handle HANDLE
The handle is used to reference a filter and therefore must be unique. It consists
of a hash table identifier htid and optional hash (which identifies the hash ta-
ble's bucket) and nodeid. All these values are parsed as unsigned, hexadecimal
numbers with length 12bits ( htid and nodeid) or 8bits ( hash). Alternatively one
may specify a single, 32bit long hex number which contains the three fields bits in
concatenated form. Other than the fields themselves, it has to be prefixed by 0x.
offset OFFSET
Set an offset which defines where matches of subsequent filters are applied to.
Therefore this option is useful only when combined with link or a combination of ht
and sample. The offset may be given explicitly by using the plus keyword, or
extracted from the packet data with at. It is possible to mangle the latter using
mask and/or shift keywords. By default, this offset is recorded but not implicitly
applied. It is used only to substitute the nexthdr+ statement. Using the keyword
eat though inverses this behaviour: the offset is applied always, and nexthdr+ will
fall back to zero.
hashkey HASHKEY
Spefify what packet data to use to calculate a hash key for bucket lookup. The ker-
nel adjusts the value according to the hash table's size. For this to work, the
option link must be given.
classid CLASSID
Classify matching packets into the given CLASSID, which consists of either 16bit
major and minor numbers or a single 32bit value combining both.
divisor u32_value
Specify a modulo value. Used when creating hash tables to define their size or for
declaring a sample to calculate hash table keys from. Must be a power of two with
exponent not exceeding eight.
order u32_value
A value to order filters by, ascending. Conflicts with handle which serves the same
purpose.
sample SELECTOR
Used together with ht to specify which bucket to add this filter to. This allows
one to avoid having to know how exactly the kernel calculates hashes. The addi-
tional divisor defaults to 256, so must be given for hash tables of different size.
link HANDLE
Delegate matching packets to filters in a hash table. HANDLE is used to only spec-
ify the hash table, so only htid may be given, hash and nodeid have to be omitted.
By default, bucket number 0 will be used and can be overridden by the hashkey
option.
indev ifname
Filter on the incoming interface of the packet. Obviously works only for forwarded
traffic.
help Print a brief help text about possible options.
SELECTORS
Basically the only real selector is u32 . All others merely provide a higher level syntax
and are internally translated into u32 .
u32 VAL_MASK_32
u16 VAL_MASK_16
u8 VAL_MASK_8
Match packet data to a given value. The selector name defines the sample length to
extract (32bits for u32, 16bits for u16 and 8bits for u8). Before comparing, the
sample is binary AND'ed with the given mask. This way uninteresting bits can be
cleared before comparison. The position of the sample is defined by the offset
specified in AT.
ip IP
ip6 IP6
Assume packet starts with an IPv4 ( ip) or IPv6 ( ip6) header. IP/IP6 then allows
to match various header fields:
src ADDR
dst ADDR
Compare Source or Destination Address fields against the value of ADDR. The
reserved words default, any and all effectively match any address. Otherwise
an IP address of the particular protocol is expected, optionally suffixed by
a prefix length to match whole subnets. In case of IPv4 a netmask may also
be given.
dsfield VAL_MASK_8
IPv4 only. Match the packet header's DSCP/ECN field. Synonyms to this are
tos and precedence.
ihl VAL_MASK_8
IPv4 only. Match the Internet Header Length field. Note that the value's
unit is 32bits, so to match a packet with 24byte header length u8_value has
to be 6.
protocol VAL_MASK_8
Match the Protocol (IPv4) or Next Header (IPv6) field value, e.g. 6 for TCP.
icmp_type VAL_MASK_8
icmp_code VAL_MASK_8
Assume a next-header protocol of icmp or ipv6-icmp and match Type or Code
field values. This is dangerous, as the code assumes minimal header size for
IPv4 and lack of extension headers for IPv6.
sport VAL_MASK_16
dport VAL_MASK_16
Match layer four source or destination ports. This is dangerous as well, as
it assumes a suitable layer four protocol is present (which has Source and
Destination Port fields right at the start of the header and 16bit in size).
Also minimal header size for IPv4 and lack of IPv6 extension headers is
assumed.
nofrag
firstfrag
df
mf IPv4 only, check certain flags and fragment offset values. Match if the
packet is not a fragment (nofrag), the first fragment (firstfrag), if Don't
Fragment (df) or More Fragments (mf) bits are set.
priority VAL_MASK_8
IPv6 only. Match the header's Traffic Class field, which has the same pur-
pose and semantics of IPv4's ToS field since RFC 3168: upper six bits are
DSCP, the lower two ECN.
flowlabel VAL_MASK_32
IPv6 only. Match the Flow Label field's value. Note that Flow Label itself
is only 20bytes long, which are the least significant ones here. The remain-
ing upper 12bytes match Version and Traffic Class fields.
tcp TCPUDP
udp TCPUDP
Match fields of next header of protocol TCP or UDP. The possible values for TCPDUP
are:
src VAL_MASK_16
Match on Source Port field value.
dst VALMASK_16
Match on Destination Port field value.
icmp ICMP
Match fields of next header of protocol ICMP. The possible values for ICMP are:
type VAL_MASK_8
Match on ICMP Type field.
code VAL_MASK_8
Match on ICMP Code field.
mark VAL_MASK_32
Match on netfilter fwmark value.
ether ETHER
Match on ethernet header fields. Possible values for ETHER are:
src ether_address AT
dst ether_address AT
Match on source or destination ethernet address. This is dangerous: It
assumes an ethernet header is present at the start of the packet. This will
probably lead to unexpected things if used with layer three interfaces like
e.g. tun or ppp.
EXAMPLES
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 999:0 prio 99 protocol ip u32 \
match ip src 192.168.8.0/24 classid 1:1
This attaches a filter to the qdisc identified by 999:0. It's priority is 99, which
affects in which order multiple filters attached to the same parent are consulted (the
lower the earlier). The filter handles packets of protocol type ip, and matches if the IP
header's source address is within the 192.168.8.0/24 subnet. Matching packets are classi-
fied into class 1.1. The effect of this command might be surprising at first glance:
filter parent 1: protocol ip pref 99 u32
filter parent 1: protocol ip pref 99 u32 \
fh 800: ht divisor 1
filter parent 1: protocol ip pref 99 u32 \
fh 800::800 order 2048 key ht 800 bkt 0 flowid 1:1 \
match c0a80800/ffffff00 at 12
So parent 1: is assigned a new u32 filter, which contains a hash table of size 1 (as the
divisor indicates). The table ID is 800. The third line then shows the actual filter
which was added above: it sits in table 800 and bucket 0, classifies packets into class ID
1:1 and matches the upper three bytes of the four byte value at offset 12 to be 0xc0a808,
which is 192, 168 and 8.
Now for something more complicated, namely creating a custom hash table:
tc filter add dev eth0 prio 99 handle 1: u32 divisor 256
This creates a table of size 256 with handle 1: in priority 99. The effect is as follows:
filter parent 1: protocol all pref 99 u32
filter parent 1: protocol all pref 99 u32 fh 1: ht divisor 256
filter parent 1: protocol all pref 99 u32 fh 800: ht divisor 1
So along with the requested hash table (handle 1:), the kernel has created his own table
of size 1 to hold other filters of the same priority.
The next step is to create a filter which links to the created hash table:
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: prio 1 u32 \
link 1: hashkey mask 0x0000ff00 at 12 \
match ip src 192.168.0.0/16
The filter is given a lower priority than the hash table itself so u32 consults it before
manually traversing the hash table. The options link and hashkey determine which table and
bucket to redirect to. In this case the hash key should be constructed out of the second
byte at offset 12, which corresponds to an IP packet's third byte of the source address
field. Along with the match statement, this effectively maps all class C networks below
192.168.0.0/16 to different buckets of the hash table.
Filters for certain subnets can be created like so:
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: prio 99 u32 \
ht 1: sample u32 0x00000800 0x0000ff00 at 12 \
match ip src 192.168.8.0/24 classid 1:1
The bucket is defined using the sample option: In this case, the second byte at offset 12
must be 0x08, exactly. In this case, the resulting bucket ID is obviously 8, but as soon
as sample selects an amount of data which could exceed the divisor, one would have to know
the kernel-internal algorithm to deduce the destination bucket. This filter's match state-
ment is redundant in this case, as the entropy for the hash key does not exceed the table
size and therefore no collisions can occur. Otherwise it's necessary to prevent matching
unwanted packets.
Matching upper layer fields is problematic since IPv4 header length is variable and IPv6
supports extension headers which affect upper layer header offset. To overcome this, there
is the possibility to specify nexthdr+ when giving an offset, and to make things easier
there are the tcp and udp matches which use nexthdr+ implicitly. This offset has to be
calculated in beforehand though, and the only way to achieve that is by doing it in a sep-
arate filter which then links to the filter which wants to use it. Here is an example of
doing so:
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1:0 protocol ip handle 1: \
u32 divisor 1
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1:0 protocol ip \
u32 ht 1: \
match tcp src 22 FFFF \
classid 1:2
tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1:0 protocol ip \
u32 ht 800: \
match ip protocol 6 FF \
match ip firstfrag \
offset at 0 mask 0f00 shift 6 \
link 1:
This is what is being done: In the first call, a single element sized hash table is cre-
ated so there is a place to hold the linked to filter and a known handle (1:) to reference
to it. The second call then adds the actual filter, which pushes packets with TCP source
port 22 into class 1:2. Using ht, it is moved into the hash table created by the first
call. The third call then does the actual magic: It matches IPv4 packets with next layer
protocol 6 (TCP), only if it's the first fragment (usually TCP sets DF bit, but if it
doesn't and the packet is fragmented, only the first one contains the TCP header), and
then sets the offset based on the IP header's IHL field (right-shifting by 6 eliminates
the offset of the field and at the same time converts the value into byte unit). Finally,
using link, the hash table from first call is referenced which holds the filter from sec-
ond call.
SEE ALSO
tc(8),
cls_u32.txt at http://linux-tc-notes.sourceforge.net/
iproute2 25 Sep 2015 Universal 32bit classifier in tc(8)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2024-04-27 06:50 @3.142.197.212 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)