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Pamfunc User Manual(0) Pamfunc User Manual(0)
NAME
pamfunc - Apply a simple monadic arithmetic function to a Netpbm image
SYNOPSIS
pamfunc { -multiplier=realnum | -divisor=realnum | -adder=integer | -subtractor=integer |
-min=wholenum | -max=wholenum -andmask=hexmask -ormask=hexmask -xormask=hexmask -not
-shiftleft=count -shiftright=count [-changemaxval] } [filespec]
All options can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix. You may use two hyphens
instead of one. You may separate an option name and its value with white space instead of
an equals sign.
DESCRIPTION
This program is part of Netpbm(1).
pamfunc reads a Netpbm image as input and produces a Netpbm image as output, with the same
format, and dimensions as the input. pamfunc applies a simple transfer function to each
sample in the input to generate the corresponding sample in the output. The options
determine what function.
pamarith is the same thing for binary functions -- it takes two images as input and
applies a specified simple arithmetic function (e.g. addition) on pairs of samples from
the two to produce the single output image.
Values
The functions fall into two categories: arithmetic (such as multiply by 5) and bit string
(such as and with 01001000). For the arithmetic functions, the function arguments and
results are the fraction that a sample is of the maxval, i.e. normal interpretation of PAM
tuples. But for the bit string functions, the value is the bit string whose value as a
binary cipher is the sample value, and the maxval indicates the width of the bit string.
Arithmetic functions
The arithmetic functions are those selected by the options -multiplier, -divisor, -adder,
-subtractor, -min, and -max.
As an example, consider an image with maxval 100 and a sample value of 10 and a function
of "multiply by 5." The argument to the function is 10/100 (0.1) and the result is 5 * 0.1
= 0.5. In the simplest case, the maxval of the output is also 100, so the output sample
value is 0.5 * 100 = 50. As you can see, we could just talk about the sample values them-
selves instead of these fractions and get the same result (10 * 5 = 50), but we don't.
Where it makes a practical difference whether we consider the values to be the fraction of
the maxval or the sample value alone is where pamfunc uses a different maxval in the out-
put image than it finds in the input image. See -changemaxval.
So remember in reading the descriptions below that the values are 0.1 and 0.5 in this
example, not 10 and 50. All arguments and results are in the range [0,1].
Bit string functions
The bit string functions are those selected by the options -andmask, -ormask, -xormask,
-not, -shiftleft, and -shiftright.
With these functions, the maxval has a very different meaning than in normal Netpbm
images: it tells how wide (how many bits) the bit string is. The maxval must be a full
binary count (a power of two minus one, such as 0xff) and the number of ones in it is the
width of the bit string.
As an example, consider an image with maxval 15 and a sample value of 5 and a function of
"and with 0100". The argument to the function is 0101 and the result is 0100.
In this example, it doesn't make any practical difference what we consider the width of
the string to be, as long as it is at least 3. If the maxval were 255, the result would
be the same. But with a bit shift operation, it matters. Consider shifting left by 2
bits. In the example, where the input value is 0101, the result is 0100. But if the max-
val were 255, the result would be 00010100.
For a masking function, the mask value you specify must not have more significant bits
than the width indicated by the maxval.
For a shifting operation, the shift count you specify must not be greater than the width
indicated by the maxval.
OPTIONS
-multiplier=realnum
This option makes the transfer function that of multiplying by
realnum. realnum must be nonnegative. If the result
is greater than one, it is clipped to one.
Where the input is a PGM or PPM image, this has the effect of
dimming or brightening it. For a different kind of brightening,
see ppmbrighten(1) and ppmflash(1)
Also, see ppmdim(1), which does the same
thing as pamfunc -multiplier on a PPM image with a multiplier
between zero and one, except it uses integer arithmetic, so it may be
faster.
And ppmfade(1) can generate a whole
sequence of images of brightness declining to black or increasing to
white, if that's what you want.
-divisor=realnum
This option makes the transfer function that of dividing by
realnum. realnum must be nonnegative. If the result
is greater than one, it is clipped to one.
This is the same function as you would get with -multiplier,
specifying the multiplicative inverse of realnum.
-adder=integer
This option makes the transfer function that of adding
integer/maxval. If the result is greater than one, it is
clipped to one. If it is less than zero, it is clipped to zero.
Note that in mathematics, this entity is called an "addend,"
and an "adder" is a snake. We use "adder" because
it makes more sense.
-subtractor=integer
This option makes the transfer function that of subtracting
integer/maxval. If the result is greater than one, it is
clipped to one. If it is less than zero, it is clipped to zero.
Note that in mathematics, this entity is called a
"subtrahend" rather than a "subtractor." We use
"subtractor" because it makes more sense.
This is the same function as you would get with -adder,
specifying the negative of integer.
-min=wholenum
This option makes the transfer function that of taking the maximum of
the argument and wholenum/maxval. I.e the minimum value in
the output will be wholenum/maxval.
If wholenum/maxval is greater than one, though, every value
in the output will be one.
-max=wholenum
This option makes the transfer function that of taking the minimum of
the argument and wholenum/maxval. I.e the maximum value in
the output will be wholenum/maxval.
If wholenum/maxval is greater than one, the function is
idempotent -- the output is identical to the input.
-andmask=hexmask
This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise anding
with hexmask.
hexmask is in hexadecimal. Example: 0f
This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007).
-ormask=hexmask
This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise
inclusive oring with hexmask.
This is analogous to -andmask.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007).
-xormask=hexmask
This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise
exclusive oring with hexmask.
This is analogous to -andmask.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007).
-not
This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise logical
inversion (e.g. sample value 0xAA becomes 0x55).
pnminvert does the same thing for a bilevel visual image
which has maxval 1 or is of PBM type.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007).
-shiftleft=count
This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise shifting
left by count bits.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007).
-shiftright=count
This option makes the transfer function that of bitwise shifting
right by count bits.
This is analogous to -shiftleft.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.40 (September 2007).
-changemaxval
This option tells pamfunc to use a different maxval in the output image than the
maxval of the input image, if it helps. By default, the maxval of the output is
unchanged from the input and pamfunc modifies the sample values as necessary to
perform the operation.
But there is one case where pamfunc can achieve the same result just by changing
the maxval and leaving the sample values unchanged: dividing by a number 1 or
greater, or multiplying by a number 1 or less. For example, to halve all of the
values, pamfunc can just double the maxval.
With -changemaxval, pamfunc will do just that.
As the Netpbm formats have a maximum maxval of 65535, for large divisors, pamfunc
may not be able to use this method.
An advantage of dividing by changing the maxval is that you don't lose precision.
The higher maxval means higher precision. For example, consider an image with a
maxval of 100 and sample value of 10. You divide by 21 and then multiply by 21
again. If pamfunc does this by changing the sample values while retaining maxval
100, the division will result in a sample value of 0 and the multiplication will
also result in zero. But if pamfunc instead keeps the sample value 10 and changes
the maxval, the division will result in a maxval of 2100 and the multiplication
will change it back to 100, and the round trip is idempotent.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.65 (December 2013).
SEE ALSO
ppmdim(1), ppmbrighten(1), pamdepth(1), pamarith(1), pamsummcol(1), pamsumm(1), ppm-
fade(1), pnminvert(1), pam(1), pnm(1),
HISTORY
This program was added to Netpbm in Release 10.3 (June 2002).
DOCUMENT SOURCE
This manual page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source. The master
documentation is at
http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pamfunc.html
netpbm documentation December 2013 Pamfunc User Manual(0)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
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