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curs_getch(3X) curs_getch(3X)
NAME
getch, wgetch, mvgetch, mvwgetch, ungetch, has_key - get (or push back) characters from
curses terminal keyboard
SYNOPSIS
#include <curses.h>
int getch(void);
int wgetch(WINDOW *win);
int mvgetch(int y, int x);
int mvwgetch(WINDOW *win, int y, int x);
int ungetch(int ch);
int has_key(int ch);
DESCRIPTION
The getch, wgetch, mvgetch and mvwgetch, routines read a character from the window. In
no-delay mode, if no input is waiting, the value ERR is returned. In delay mode, the pro-
gram waits until the system passes text through to the program. Depending on the setting
of cbreak, this is after one character (cbreak mode), or after the first newline (nocbreak
mode). In half-delay mode, the program waits until a character is typed or the specified
timeout has been reached.
Unless noecho has been set, then the character will also be echoed into the designated
window according to the following rules: if the character is the current erase character,
left arrow, or backspace, the cursor is moved one space to the left and that screen posi-
tion is erased as if delch had been called. If the character value is any other KEY_ de-
fine, the user is alerted with a beep call. Otherwise the character is simply output to
the screen.
If the window is not a pad, and it has been moved or modified since the last call to wre-
fresh, wrefresh will be called before another character is read.
If keypad is TRUE, and a function key is pressed, the token for that function key is re-
turned instead of the raw characters. Possible function keys are defined in <curses.h> as
macros with values outside the range of 8-bit characters whose names begin with KEY_.
Thus, a variable intended to hold the return value of a function key must be of short size
or larger.
When a character that could be the beginning of a function key is received (which, on mod-
ern terminals, means an escape character), curses sets a timer. If the remainder of the
sequence does not come in within the designated time, the character is passed through;
otherwise, the function key value is returned. For this reason, many terminals experience
a delay between the time a user presses the escape key and the escape is returned to the
program.
The ungetch routine places ch back onto the input queue to be returned by the next call to
wgetch. There is just one input queue for all windows.
Function Keys
The following function keys, defined in <curses.h>, might be returned by getch if keypad
has been enabled. Note that not all of these are necessarily supported on any particular
terminal.
Name Key name
KEY_BREAK Break key
KEY_DOWN The four arrow keys ...
KEY_UP
KEY_LEFT
KEY_RIGHT
KEY_HOME Home key (upward+left arrow)
KEY_BACKSPACE Backspace
KEY_F0 Function keys; space for 64 keys
is reserved.
KEY_F(n) For 0 <= n <= 63
KEY_DL Delete line
KEY_IL Insert line
KEY_DC Delete character
KEY_IC Insert char or enter insert mode
KEY_EIC Exit insert char mode
KEY_CLEAR Clear screen
KEY_EOS Clear to end of screen
KEY_EOL Clear to end of line
KEY_SF Scroll 1 line forward
KEY_SR Scroll 1 line backward (reverse)
KEY_NPAGE Next page
KEY_PPAGE Previous page
KEY_STAB Set tab
KEY_CTAB Clear tab
KEY_CATAB Clear all tabs
KEY_ENTER Enter or send
KEY_SRESET Soft (partial) reset
KEY_RESET Reset or hard reset
KEY_PRINT Print or copy
KEY_LL Home down or bottom (lower left)
KEY_A1 Upper left of keypad
KEY_A3 Upper right of keypad
KEY_B2 Center of keypad
KEY_C1 Lower left of keypad
KEY_C3 Lower right of keypad
KEY_BTAB Back tab key
KEY_BEG Beg(inning) key
KEY_CANCEL Cancel key
KEY_CLOSE Close key
KEY_COMMAND Cmd (command) key
KEY_COPY Copy key
KEY_CREATE Create key
KEY_END End key
KEY_EXIT Exit key
KEY_FIND Find key
KEY_HELP Help key
KEY_MARK Mark key
KEY_MESSAGE Message key
KEY_MOUSE Mouse event read
KEY_MOVE Move key
KEY_NEXT Next object key
KEY_OPEN Open key
KEY_OPTIONS Options key
KEY_PREVIOUS Previous object key
KEY_REDO Redo key
KEY_REFERENCE Ref(erence) key
KEY_REFRESH Refresh key
KEY_REPLACE Replace key
KEY_RESIZE Screen resized
KEY_RESTART Restart key
KEY_RESUME Resume key
KEY_SAVE Save key
KEY_SBEG Shifted beginning key
KEY_SCANCEL Shifted cancel key
KEY_SCOMMAND Shifted command key
KEY_SCOPY Shifted copy key
KEY_SCREATE Shifted create key
KEY_SDC Shifted delete char key
KEY_SDL Shifted delete line key
KEY_SELECT Select key
KEY_SEND Shifted end key
KEY_SEOL Shifted clear line key
KEY_SEXIT Shifted exit key
KEY_SFIND Shifted find key
KEY_SHELP Shifted help key
KEY_SHOME Shifted home key
KEY_SIC Shifted input key
KEY_SLEFT Shifted left arrow key
KEY_SMESSAGE Shifted message key
KEY_SMOVE Shifted move key
KEY_SNEXT Shifted next key
KEY_SOPTIONS Shifted options key
KEY_SPREVIOUS Shifted prev key
KEY_SPRINT Shifted print key
KEY_SREDO Shifted redo key
KEY_SREPLACE Shifted replace key
KEY_SRIGHT Shifted right arrow
KEY_SRSUME Shifted resume key
KEY_SSAVE Shifted save key
KEY_SSUSPEND Shifted suspend key
KEY_SUNDO Shifted undo key
KEY_SUSPEND Suspend key
KEY_UNDO Undo key
Keypad is arranged like this:
+-----+------+-------+
| A1 | up | A3 |
+-----+------+-------+
|left | B2 | right |
+-----+------+-------+
| C1 | down | C3 |
+-----+------+-------+
The has_key routine takes a key value from the above list, and returns TRUE or FALSE ac-
cording to whether the current terminal type recognizes a key with that value. Note that
a few values do not correspond to a real key, e.g., KEY_RESIZE and KEY_MOUSE. See re-
sizeterm(3X) for more details about KEY_RESIZE, and curs_mouse(3X) for a discussion of
KEY_MOUSE.
RETURN VALUE
All routines return the integer ERR upon failure and an integer value other than ERR (OK
in the case of ungetch()) upon successful completion.
ungetch
returns ERR if there is no more room in the FIFO.
wgetch
returns ERR if the window pointer is null, or if its timeout expires without hav-
ing any data.
Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor movement using wmove, and return an
error if the position is outside the window, or if the window pointer is null.
NOTES
Use of the escape key by a programmer for a single character function is discouraged, as
it will cause a delay of up to one second while the keypad code looks for a following
function-key sequence.
Note that some keys may be the same as commonly used control keys, e.g., KEY_ENTER versus
control/M, KEY_BACKSPACE versus control/H. Some curses implementations may differ accord-
ing to whether they treat these control keys specially (and ignore the terminfo), or use
the terminfo definitions. Ncurses uses the terminfo definition. If it says that KEY_EN-
TER is control/M, getch will return KEY_ENTER when you press control/M.
Generally, KEY_ENTER denotes the character(s) sent by the Enter key on the numeric keypad:
o the terminal description lists the most useful keys,
o the Enter key on the regular keyboard is already handled by the standard ASCII charac-
ters for carriage-return and line-feed,
o depending on whether nl or nonl was called, pressing "Enter" on the regular keyboard
may return either a carriage-return or line-feed, and finally
o "Enter or send" is the standard description for this key.
When using getch, wgetch, mvgetch, or mvwgetch, nocbreak mode (nocbreak) and echo mode
(echo) should not be used at the same time. Depending on the state of the tty driver when
each character is typed, the program may produce undesirable results.
Note that getch, mvgetch, and mvwgetch may be macros.
Historically, the set of keypad macros was largely defined by the extremely function-key-
rich keyboard of the AT&T 7300, aka 3B1, aka Safari 4. Modern personal computers usually
have only a small subset of these. IBM PC-style consoles typically support little more
than KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_HOME, KEY_END, KEY_NPAGE, KEY_PPAGE, and
function keys 1 through 12. The Ins key is usually mapped to KEY_IC.
PORTABILITY
The *get* functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4. They read single-
byte characters only. The standard specifies that they return ERR on failure, but speci-
fies no error conditions.
The echo behavior of these functions on input of KEY_ or backspace characters was not
specified in the SVr4 documentation. This description is adopted from the XSI Curses
standard.
The behavior of getch and friends in the presence of handled signals is unspecified in the
SVr4 and XSI Curses documentation. Under historical curses implementations, it varied de-
pending on whether the operating system's implementation of handled signal receipt inter-
rupts a read(2) call in progress or not, and also (in some implementations) depending on
whether an input timeout or non-blocking mode has been set.
Programmers concerned about portability should be prepared for either of two cases: (a)
signal receipt does not interrupt getch; (b) signal receipt interrupts getch and causes it
to return ERR with errno set to EINTR. Under the ncurses implementation, handled signals
never interrupt getch.
The has_key function is unique to ncurses. We recommend that any code using it be condi-
tionalized on the NCURSES_VERSION feature macro.
SEE ALSO
curses(3X), curs_inopts(3X), curs_outopts(3X), curs_mouse(3X), curs_move(3X), curs_re-
fresh(3X), resizeterm(3X).
Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw) library are described in
curs_get_wch(3X).
curs_getch(3X)
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