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Text::Unidecode(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Text::Unidecode(3)
NAME
Text::Unidecode -- US-ASCII transliterations of Unicode text
SYNOPSIS
use utf8;
use Text::Unidecode;
print unidecode(
"\x{5317}\x{4EB0}\n"
# those are the Chinese characters for Beijing
);
# That prints: Bei Jing
DESCRIPTION
It often happens that you have non-Roman text data in Unicode, but you can't display it --
usually because you're trying to show it to a user via an application that doesn't support
Unicode, or because the fonts you need aren't accessible. You could represent the Unicode
characters as "???????" or "\15BA\15A0\1610...", but that's nearly useless to the user who
actually wants to read what the text says.
What Text::Unidecode provides is a function, "unidecode(...)" that takes Unicode data and
tries to represent it in US-ASCII characters (i.e., the universally displayable characters
between 0x00 and 0x7F). The representation is almost always an attempt at transliteration
-- i.e., conveying, in Roman letters, the pronunciation expressed by the text in some
other writing system. (See the example in the synopsis.)
Unidecode's ability to transliterate is limited by two factors:
o The amount and quality of data in the original
So if you have Hebrew data that has no vowel points in it, then Unidecode cannot guess
what vowels should appear in a pronounciation. S f y hv n vwls n th npt, y wn't gt ny
vwls n th tpt. (This is a specific application of the general principle of "Garbage
In, Garbage Out".)
o Basic limitations in the Unidecode design
Writing a real and clever transliteration algorithm for any single language usually
requires a lot of time, and at least a passable knowledge of the language involved.
But Unicode text can convey more languages than I could possibly learn (much less
create a transliterator for) in the entire rest of my lifetime. So I put a cap on how
intelligent Unidecode could be, by insisting that it support only context-insensitive
transliteration. That means missing the finer details of any given writing system,
while still hopefully being useful.
Unidecode, in other words, is quick and dirty. Sometimes the output is not so dirty at
all: Russian and Greek seem to work passably; and while Thaana (Divehi, AKA Maldivian) is
a definitely non-Western writing system, setting up a mapping from it to Roman letters
seems to work pretty well. But sometimes the output is very dirty: Unidecode does quite
badly on Japanese and Thai.
If you want a smarter transliteration for a particular language than Unidecode provides,
then you should look for (or write) a transliteration algorithm specific to that language,
and apply it instead of (or at least before) applying Unidecode.
In other words, Unidecode's approach is broad (knowing about dozens of writing systems),
but shallow (not being meticulous about any of them).
FUNCTIONS
Text::Unidecode provides one function, "unidecode(...)", which is exported by default. It
can be used in a variety of calling contexts:
"$out = unidecode($in);" # scalar context
This returns a copy of $in, transliterated.
"$out = unidecode(@in);" # scalar context
This is the same as "$out = unidecode(join '', @in);"
"@out = unidecode(@in);" # list context
This returns a list consisting of copies of @in, each transliterated. This is the
same as "@out = map scalar(unidecode($_)), @in;"
"unidecode(@items);" # void context
"unidecode(@bar, $foo, @baz);" # void context
Each item on input is replaced with its transliteration. This is the same as
"for(@bar, $foo, @baz) { $_ = unidecode($_) }"
You should make a minimum of assumptions about the output of "unidecode(...)". For
example, if you assume an all-alphabetic (Unicode) string passed to "unidecode(...)" will
return an all-alphabetic string, you're wrong -- some alphabetic Unicode characters are
transliterated as strings containing punctuation (e.g., the Armenian letter at 0x0539
currently transliterates as "T`".
However, these are the assumptions you can make:
o Each character 0x0000 - 0x007F transliterates as itself. That is, "unidecode(...)" is
7-bit pure.
o The output of "unidecode(...)" always consists entirely of US-ASCII characters --
i.e., characters 0x0000 - 0x007F.
o All Unicode characters translate to a sequence of (any number of) characters that are
newline ("\n") or in the range 0x0020-0x007E. That is, no Unicode character
translates to "\x01", for example. (Altho if you have a "\x01" on input, you'll get a
"\x01" in output.)
o Yes, some transliterations produce a "\n" -- but just a few, and only with good
reason. Note that the value of newline ("\n") varies from platform to platform -- see
"perlport" in perlport.
o Some Unicode characters may transliterate to nothing (i.e., empty string).
o Very many Unicode characters transliterate to multi-character sequences. E.g., Han
character 0x5317 transliterates as the four-character string "Bei ".
o Within these constraints, I may change the transliteration of characters in future
versions. For example, if someone convinces me that the Armenian letter at 0x0539,
currently transliterated as "T`", would be better transliterated as "D", I may well
make that change.
DESIGN GOALS AND CONSTRAINTS
Text::Unidecode is meant to be a transliterator-of-last resort, to be used once you've
decided that you can't just display the Unicode data as is, and once you've decided you
don't have a more clever, language-specific transliterator available. It transliterates
context-insensitively -- that is, a given character is replaced with the same US-ASCII
(7-bit ASCII) character or characters, no matter what the surrounding character are.
The main reason I'm making Text::Unidecode work with only context-insensitive substitution
is that it's fast, dumb, and straightforward enough to be feasable. It doesn't tax my
(quite limited) knowledge of world languages. It doesn't require me writing a hundred
lines of code to get the Thai syllabification right (and never knowing whether I've gotten
it wrong, because I don't know Thai), or spending a year trying to get Text::Unidecode to
use the ChaSen algorithm for Japanese, or trying to write heuristics for telling the
difference between Japanese, Chinese, or Korean, so it knows how to transliterate any
given Uni-Han glyph. And moreover, context-insensitive substitution is still mostly
useful, but still clearly couldn't be mistaken for authoritative.
Text::Unidecode is an example of the 80/20 rule in action -- you get 80% of the usefulness
using just 20% of a "real" solution.
A "real" approach to transliteration for any given language can involve such increasingly
tricky contextual factors as these
The previous / preceding character(s)
What a given symbol "X" means, could depend on whether it's followed by a consonant,
or by vowel, or by some diacritic character.
Syllables
A character "X" at end of a syllable could mean something different from when it's at
the start -- which is especially problematic when the language involved doesn't
explicitly mark where one syllable stops and the next starts.
Parts of speech
What "X" sounds like at the end of a word, depends on whether that word is a noun, or
a verb, or what.
Meaning
By semantic context, you can tell that this ideogram "X" means "shoe" (pronounced one
way) and not "time" (pronounced another), and that's how you know to transliterate it
one way instead of the other.
Origin of the word
"X" means one thing in loanwords and/or placenames (and derivatives thereof), and
another in native words.
"It's just that way"
"X" normally makes the /X/ sound, except for this list of seventy exceptions (and
words based on them, sometimes indirectly). Or: you never can tell which of the three
ways to pronounce "X" this word actually uses; you just have to know which it is, so
keep a dictionary on hand!
Language
The character "X" is actually used in several different languages, and you have to
figure out which you're looking at before you can determine how to transliterate it.
Out of a desire to avoid being mired in any of these kinds of contextual factors, I chose
to exclude all of them and just stick with context-insensitive replacement.
TODO
Things that need tending to are detailed in the TODO.txt file, included in this
distribution. Normal installs probably don't leave the TODO.txt lying around, but if
nothing else, you can see it at http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Text::Unidecode
MOTTO
The Text::Unidecode motto is:
It's better than nothing!
...in both meanings: 1) seeing the output of "unidecode(...)" is better than just having
all font-unavailable Unicode characters replaced with "?"'s, or rendered as gibberish; and
2) it's the worst, i.e., there's nothing that Text::Unidecode's algorithm is better than.
CAVEATS
If you get really implausible nonsense out of "unidecode(...)", make sure that the input
data really is a utf8 string. See "perlunicode" in perlunicode.
THANKS
Thanks to Harald Tveit Alvestrand, Abhijit Menon-Sen, and Mark-Jason Dominus.
SEE ALSO
Unicode Consortium: http://www.unicode.org/
Geoffrey Sampson. 1990. Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. ISBN: 0804717567
Randall K. Barry (editor). 1997. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for
Non-Roman Scripts. ISBN: 0844409405 [ALA is the American Library Association; LC is the
Library of Congress.]
Rupert Snell. 2000. Beginner's Hindi Script (Teach Yourself Books). ISBN: 0658009109
COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMERS
Copyright (c) 2001 Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty;
without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
Much of Text::Unidecode's internal data is based on data from The Unicode Consortium, with
which I am unafiliated.
AUTHOR
Sean M. Burke "sburke AT cpan.org"
perl v5.16.3 2001-07-14 Text::Unidecode(3)
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On Apache
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