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POSIX(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide POSIX(3pm)
NAME
POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
SYNOPSIS
use POSIX ();
use POSIX qw(setsid);
use POSIX qw(:errno_h :fcntl_h);
printf "EINTR is %d\n", EINTR;
$sess_id = POSIX::setsid();
$fd = POSIX::open($path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY, 0644);
# note: that's a filedescriptor, *NOT* a filehandle
DESCRIPTION
The POSIX module permits you to access all (or nearly all) the standard POSIX 1003.1
identifiers. Many of these identifiers have been given Perl-ish interfaces.
Everything is exported by default with the exception of any POSIX functions with the same
name as a built-in Perl function, such as "abs", "alarm", "rmdir", "write", etc.., which
will be exported only if you ask for them explicitly. This is an unfortunate backwards
compatibility feature. You can stop the exporting by saying "use POSIX ()" and then use
the fully qualified names (ie. "POSIX::SEEK_END"), or by giving an explicit import list.
If you do neither, and opt for the default, "use POSIX;" has to import 553 symbols.
This document gives a condensed list of the features available in the POSIX module.
Consult your operating system's manpages for general information on most features.
Consult perlfunc for functions which are noted as being identical to Perl's builtin
functions.
The first section describes POSIX functions from the 1003.1 specification. The second
section describes some classes for signal objects, TTY objects, and other miscellaneous
objects. The remaining sections list various constants and macros in an organization
which roughly follows IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993.
CAVEATS
A few functions are not implemented because they are C specific. If you attempt to call
these, they will print a message telling you that they aren't implemented, and suggest
using the Perl equivalent should one exist. For example, trying to access the setjmp()
call will elicit the message "setjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead".
Furthermore, some evil vendors will claim 1003.1 compliance, but in fact are not so: they
will not pass the PCTS (POSIX Compliance Test Suites). For example, one vendor may not
define EDEADLK, or the semantics of the errno values set by open(2) might not be quite
right. Perl does not attempt to verify POSIX compliance. That means you can currently
successfully say "use POSIX", and then later in your program you find that your vendor
has been lax and there's no usable ICANON macro after all. This could be construed to be
a bug.
FUNCTIONS
_exit This is identical to the C function "_exit()". It exits the program immediately
which means among other things buffered I/O is not flushed.
Note that when using threads and in Linux this is not a good way to exit a thread
because in Linux processes and threads are kind of the same thing (Note: while
this is the situation in early 2003 there are projects under way to have threads
with more POSIXly semantics in Linux). If you want not to return from a thread,
detach the thread.
abort This is identical to the C function "abort()". It terminates the process with a
"SIGABRT" signal unless caught by a signal handler or if the handler does not
return normally (it e.g. does a "longjmp").
abs This is identical to Perl's builtin "abs()" function, returning the absolute value
of its numerical argument.
access Determines the accessibility of a file.
if( POSIX::access( "/", &POSIX::R_OK ) ){
print "have read permission\n";
}
Returns "undef" on failure. Note: do not use "access()" for security purposes.
Between the "access()" call and the operation you are preparing for the
permissions might change: a classic race condition.
acos This is identical to the C function "acos()", returning the arcus cosine of its
numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
alarm This is identical to Perl's builtin "alarm()" function, either for arming or
disarming the "SIGARLM" timer.
asctime This is identical to the C function "asctime()". It returns a string of the form
"Fri Jun 2 18:22:13 2000\n\0"
and it is called thusly
$asctime = asctime($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year,
$wday, $yday, $isdst);
The $mon is zero-based: January equals 0. The $year is 1900-based: 2001 equals
101. $wday and $yday default to zero (and are usually ignored anyway), and $isdst
defaults to -1.
asin This is identical to the C function "asin()", returning the arcus sine of its
numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
assert Unimplemented, but you can use "die" in perlfunc and the Carp module to achieve
similar things.
atan This is identical to the C function "atan()", returning the arcus tangent of its
numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
atan2 This is identical to Perl's builtin "atan2()" function, returning the arcus
tangent defined by its two numerical arguments, the y coordinate and the x
coordinate. See also Math::Trig.
atexit atexit() is C-specific: use "END {}" instead, see perlsub.
atof atof() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you
need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
atoi atoi() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you
need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it. If you need to have just
the integer part, see "int" in perlfunc.
atol atol() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you
need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it. If you need to have just
the integer part, see "int" in perlfunc.
bsearch bsearch() not supplied. For doing binary search on wordlists, see Search::Dict.
calloc calloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
ceil This is identical to the C function "ceil()", returning the smallest integer value
greater than or equal to the given numerical argument.
chdir This is identical to Perl's builtin "chdir()" function, allowing one to change the
working (default) directory, see "chdir" in perlfunc.
chmod This is identical to Perl's builtin "chmod()" function, allowing one to change
file and directory permissions, see "chmod" in perlfunc.
chown This is identical to Perl's builtin "chown()" function, allowing one to change
file and directory owners and groups, see "chown" in perlfunc.
clearerr
Use the method "IO::Handle::clearerr()" instead, to reset the error state (if any)
and EOF state (if any) of the given stream.
clock This is identical to the C function "clock()", returning the amount of spent
processor time in microseconds.
close Close the file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
"POSIX::open".
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
POSIX::close( $fd );
Returns "undef" on failure.
See also "close" in perlfunc.
closedir
This is identical to Perl's builtin "closedir()" function for closing a directory
handle, see "closedir" in perlfunc.
cos This is identical to Perl's builtin "cos()" function, for returning the cosine of
its numerical argument, see "cos" in perlfunc. See also Math::Trig.
cosh This is identical to the C function "cosh()", for returning the hyperbolic cosine
of its numeric argument. See also Math::Trig.
creat Create a new file. This returns a file descriptor like the ones returned by
"POSIX::open". Use "POSIX::close" to close the file.
$fd = POSIX::creat( "foo", 0611 );
POSIX::close( $fd );
See also "sysopen" in perlfunc and its "O_CREAT" flag.
ctermid Generates the path name for the controlling terminal.
$path = POSIX::ctermid();
ctime This is identical to the C function "ctime()" and equivalent to
"asctime(localtime(...))", see "asctime" and "localtime".
cuserid Get the login name of the owner of the current process.
$name = POSIX::cuserid();
difftime
This is identical to the C function "difftime()", for returning the time
difference (in seconds) between two times (as returned by "time()"), see "time".
div div() is C-specific, use "int" in perlfunc on the usual "/" division and the
modulus "%".
dup This is similar to the C function "dup()", for duplicating a file descriptor.
This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling "POSIX::open".
Returns "undef" on failure.
dup2 This is similar to the C function "dup2()", for duplicating a file descriptor to
an another known file descriptor.
This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling "POSIX::open".
Returns "undef" on failure.
errno Returns the value of errno.
$errno = POSIX::errno();
This identical to the numerical values of the $!, see "$ERRNO" in perlvar.
execl execl() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execle execle() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execlp execlp() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execv execv() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execve execve() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execvp execvp() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
exit This is identical to Perl's builtin "exit()" function for exiting the program, see
"exit" in perlfunc.
exp This is identical to Perl's builtin "exp()" function for returning the exponent
(e-based) of the numerical argument, see "exp" in perlfunc.
fabs This is identical to Perl's builtin "abs()" function for returning the absolute
value of the numerical argument, see "abs" in perlfunc.
fclose Use method "IO::Handle::close()" instead, or see "close" in perlfunc.
fcntl This is identical to Perl's builtin "fcntl()" function, see "fcntl" in perlfunc.
fdopen Use method "IO::Handle::new_from_fd()" instead, or see "open" in perlfunc.
feof Use method "IO::Handle::eof()" instead, or see "eof" in perlfunc.
ferror Use method "IO::Handle::error()" instead.
fflush Use method "IO::Handle::flush()" instead. See also "$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH" in
perlvar.
fgetc Use method "IO::Handle::getc()" instead, or see "read" in perlfunc.
fgetpos Use method "IO::Seekable::getpos()" instead, or see "seek" in perlfunc.
fgets Use method "IO::Handle::gets()" instead. Similar to <>, also known as "readline"
in perlfunc.
fileno Use method "IO::Handle::fileno()" instead, or see "fileno" in perlfunc.
floor This is identical to the C function "floor()", returning the largest integer value
less than or equal to the numerical argument.
fmod This is identical to the C function "fmod()".
$r = fmod($x, $y);
It returns the remainder "$r = $x - $n*$y", where "$n = trunc($x/$y)". The $r has
the same sign as $x and magnitude (absolute value) less than the magnitude of $y.
fopen Use method "IO::File::open()" instead, or see "open" in perlfunc.
fork This is identical to Perl's builtin "fork()" function for duplicating the current
process, see "fork" in perlfunc and perlfork if you are in Windows.
fpathconf
Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory. This uses
file descriptors such as those obtained by calling "POSIX::open".
The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable pathname
on the filesystem which holds "/var/foo".
$fd = POSIX::open( "/var/foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
$path_max = POSIX::fpathconf( $fd, &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
Returns "undef" on failure.
fprintf fprintf() is C-specific, see "printf" in perlfunc instead.
fputc fputc() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
fputs fputs() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
fread fread() is C-specific, see "read" in perlfunc instead.
free free() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
freopen freopen() is C-specific, see "open" in perlfunc instead.
frexp Return the mantissa and exponent of a floating-point number.
($mantissa, $exponent) = POSIX::frexp( 1.234e56 );
fscanf fscanf() is C-specific, use <> and regular expressions instead.
fseek Use method "IO::Seekable::seek()" instead, or see "seek" in perlfunc.
fsetpos Use method "IO::Seekable::setpos()" instead, or seek "seek" in perlfunc.
fstat Get file status. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
"POSIX::open". The data returned is identical to the data from Perl's builtin
"stat" function.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
@stats = POSIX::fstat( $fd );
fsync Use method "IO::Handle::sync()" instead.
ftell Use method "IO::Seekable::tell()" instead, or see "tell" in perlfunc.
fwrite fwrite() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
getc This is identical to Perl's builtin "getc()" function, see "getc" in perlfunc.
getchar Returns one character from STDIN. Identical to Perl's "getc()", see "getc" in
perlfunc.
getcwd Returns the name of the current working directory. See also Cwd.
getegid Returns the effective group identifier. Similar to Perl' s builtin variable $(,
see "$EGID" in perlvar.
getenv Returns the value of the specified environment variable. The same information is
available through the %ENV array.
geteuid Returns the effective user identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin $> variable,
see "$EUID" in perlvar.
getgid Returns the user's real group identifier. Similar to Perl's builtin variable $),
see "$GID" in perlvar.
getgrgid
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getgrgid()" function for returning group
entries by group identifiers, see "getgrgid" in perlfunc.
getgrnam
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getgrnam()" function for returning group
entries by group names, see "getgrnam" in perlfunc.
getgroups
Returns the ids of the user's supplementary groups. Similar to Perl's builtin
variable $), see "$GID" in perlvar.
getlogin
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getlogin()" function for returning the user
name associated with the current session, see "getlogin" in perlfunc.
getpgrp This is identical to Perl's builtin "getpgrp()" function for returning the process
group identifier of the current process, see "getpgrp" in perlfunc.
getpid Returns the process identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin variable $$, see
"$PID" in perlvar.
getppid This is identical to Perl's builtin "getppid()" function for returning the process
identifier of the parent process of the current process , see "getppid" in
perlfunc.
getpwnam
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getpwnam()" function for returning user
entries by user names, see "getpwnam" in perlfunc.
getpwuid
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getpwuid()" function for returning user
entries by user identifiers, see "getpwuid" in perlfunc.
gets Returns one line from "STDIN", similar to <>, also known as the "readline()"
function, see "readline" in perlfunc.
NOTE: if you have C programs that still use "gets()", be very afraid. The
"gets()" function is a source of endless grief because it has no buffer overrun
checks. It should never be used. The "fgets()" function should be preferred
instead.
getuid Returns the user's identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin $< variable, see
"$UID" in perlvar.
gmtime This is identical to Perl's builtin "gmtime()" function for converting seconds
since the epoch to a date in Greenwich Mean Time, see "gmtime" in perlfunc.
isalnum This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "isalnum". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:alnum:]]/"
construct instead, or possibly the "/\w/" construct.
isalpha This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "isalpha". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:alpha:]]/"
construct instead.
isatty Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified filehandle is connected to a
tty. Similar to the "-t" operator, see "-X" in perlfunc.
iscntrl This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "iscntrl". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:cntrl:]]/"
construct instead.
isdigit This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "isdigit" (unlikely, but still possible). Does not work
on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
expressions and the "/[[:digit:]]/" construct instead, or the "/\d/" construct.
isgraph This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "isgraph". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:graph:]]/"
construct instead.
islower This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "islower". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:lower:]]/"
construct instead. Do not use "/[a-z]/".
isprint This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "isprint". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:print:]]/"
construct instead.
ispunct This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "ispunct". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:punct:]]/"
construct instead.
isspace This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "isspace". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:space:]]/"
construct instead, or the "/\s/" construct. (Note that "/\s/" and "/[[:space:]]/"
are slightly different in that "/[[:space:]]/" can normally match a vertical tab,
while "/\s/" does not.)
isupper This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "isupper". Does not work on Unicode characters code
point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:upper:]]/"
construct instead. Do not use "/[A-Z]/".
isxdigit
This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
characters are considered "isxdigit" (unlikely, but still possible). Does not
work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
expressions and the "/[[:xdigit:]]/" construct instead, or simply "/[0-9a-f]/i".
kill This is identical to Perl's builtin "kill()" function for sending signals to
processes (often to terminate them), see "kill" in perlfunc.
labs (For returning absolute values of long integers.) labs() is C-specific, see "abs"
in perlfunc instead.
lchown This is identical to the C function, except the order of arguments is consistent
with Perl's builtin "chown()" with the added restriction of only one path, not an
list of paths. Does the same thing as the "chown()" function but changes the
owner of a symbolic link instead of the file the symbolic link points to.
ldexp This is identical to the C function "ldexp()" for multiplying floating point
numbers with powers of two.
$x_quadrupled = POSIX::ldexp($x, 2);
ldiv (For computing dividends of long integers.) ldiv() is C-specific, use "/" and
"int()" instead.
link This is identical to Perl's builtin "link()" function for creating hard links into
files, see "link" in perlfunc.
localeconv
Get numeric formatting information. Returns a reference to a hash containing the
current locale formatting values.
Here is how to query the database for the de (Deutsch or German) locale.
$loc = POSIX::setlocale( &POSIX::LC_ALL, "de" );
print "Locale = $loc\n";
$lconv = POSIX::localeconv();
print "decimal_point = ", $lconv->{decimal_point}, "\n";
print "thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{thousands_sep}, "\n";
print "grouping = ", $lconv->{grouping}, "\n";
print "int_curr_symbol = ", $lconv->{int_curr_symbol}, "\n";
print "currency_symbol = ", $lconv->{currency_symbol}, "\n";
print "mon_decimal_point = ", $lconv->{mon_decimal_point}, "\n";
print "mon_thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{mon_thousands_sep}, "\n";
print "mon_grouping = ", $lconv->{mon_grouping}, "\n";
print "positive_sign = ", $lconv->{positive_sign}, "\n";
print "negative_sign = ", $lconv->{negative_sign}, "\n";
print "int_frac_digits = ", $lconv->{int_frac_digits}, "\n";
print "frac_digits = ", $lconv->{frac_digits}, "\n";
print "p_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{p_cs_precedes}, "\n";
print "p_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{p_sep_by_space}, "\n";
print "n_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{n_cs_precedes}, "\n";
print "n_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{n_sep_by_space}, "\n";
print "p_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{p_sign_posn}, "\n";
print "n_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{n_sign_posn}, "\n";
localtime
This is identical to Perl's builtin "localtime()" function for converting seconds
since the epoch to a date see "localtime" in perlfunc.
log This is identical to Perl's builtin "log()" function, returning the natural
(e-based) logarithm of the numerical argument, see "log" in perlfunc.
log10 This is identical to the C function "log10()", returning the 10-base logarithm of
the numerical argument. You can also use
sub log10 { log($_[0]) / log(10) }
or
sub log10 { log($_[0]) / 2.30258509299405 }
or
sub log10 { log($_[0]) * 0.434294481903252 }
longjmp longjmp() is C-specific: use "die" in perlfunc instead.
lseek Move the file's read/write position. This uses file descriptors such as those
obtained by calling "POSIX::open".
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
$off_t = POSIX::lseek( $fd, 0, &POSIX::SEEK_SET );
Returns "undef" on failure.
malloc malloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
mblen This is identical to the C function "mblen()". Perl does not have any support for
the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
useless function.
mbstowcs
This is identical to the C function "mbstowcs()". Perl does not have any support
for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a
rather useless function.
mbtowc This is identical to the C function "mbtowc()". Perl does not have any support
for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a
rather useless function.
memchr memchr() is C-specific, see "index" in perlfunc instead.
memcmp memcmp() is C-specific, use "eq" instead, see perlop.
memcpy memcpy() is C-specific, use "=", see perlop, or see "substr" in perlfunc.
memmove memmove() is C-specific, use "=", see perlop, or see "substr" in perlfunc.
memset memset() is C-specific, use "x" instead, see perlop.
mkdir This is identical to Perl's builtin "mkdir()" function for creating directories,
see "mkdir" in perlfunc.
mkfifo This is similar to the C function "mkfifo()" for creating FIFO special files.
if (mkfifo($path, $mode)) { ....
Returns "undef" on failure. The $mode is similar to the mode of "mkdir()", see
"mkdir" in perlfunc, though for "mkfifo" you must specify the $mode.
mktime Convert date/time info to a calendar time.
Synopsis:
mktime(sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = 0, yday = 0, isdst = -1)
The month ("mon"), weekday ("wday"), and yearday ("yday") begin at zero. I.e.
January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The year
("year") is given in years since 1900. I.e. The year 1995 is 95; the year 2001 is
101. Consult your system's "mktime()" manpage for details about these and the
other arguments.
Calendar time for December 12, 1995, at 10:30 am.
$time_t = POSIX::mktime( 0, 30, 10, 12, 11, 95 );
print "Date = ", POSIX::ctime($time_t);
Returns "undef" on failure.
modf Return the integral and fractional parts of a floating-point number.
($fractional, $integral) = POSIX::modf( 3.14 );
nice This is similar to the C function "nice()", for changing the scheduling preference
of the current process. Positive arguments mean more polite process, negative
values more needy process. Normal user processes can only be more polite.
Returns "undef" on failure.
offsetof
offsetof() is C-specific, you probably want to see "pack" in perlfunc instead.
open Open a file for reading for writing. This returns file descriptors, not Perl
filehandles. Use "POSIX::close" to close the file.
Open a file read-only with mode 0666.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo" );
Open a file for read and write.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDWR );
Open a file for write, with truncation.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY | &POSIX::O_TRUNC );
Create a new file with mode 0640. Set up the file for writing.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_CREAT | &POSIX::O_WRONLY, 0640 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
See also "sysopen" in perlfunc.
opendir Open a directory for reading.
$dir = POSIX::opendir( "/var" );
@files = POSIX::readdir( $dir );
POSIX::closedir( $dir );
Returns "undef" on failure.
pathconf
Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory.
The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable pathname
on the filesystem which holds "/var".
$path_max = POSIX::pathconf( "/var", &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
Returns "undef" on failure.
pause This is similar to the C function "pause()", which suspends the execution of the
current process until a signal is received.
Returns "undef" on failure.
perror This is identical to the C function "perror()", which outputs to the standard
error stream the specified message followed by ": " and the current error string.
Use the "warn()" function and the $! variable instead, see "warn" in perlfunc and
"$ERRNO" in perlvar.
pipe Create an interprocess channel. This returns file descriptors like those returned
by "POSIX::open".
my ($read, $write) = POSIX::pipe();
POSIX::write( $write, "hello", 5 );
POSIX::read( $read, $buf, 5 );
See also "pipe" in perlfunc.
pow Computes $x raised to the power $exponent.
$ret = POSIX::pow( $x, $exponent );
You can also use the "**" operator, see perlop.
printf Formats and prints the specified arguments to STDOUT. See also "printf" in
perlfunc.
putc putc() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
putchar putchar() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
puts puts() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
qsort qsort() is C-specific, see "sort" in perlfunc instead.
raise Sends the specified signal to the current process. See also "kill" in perlfunc
and the $$ in "$PID" in perlvar.
rand "rand()" is non-portable, see "rand" in perlfunc instead.
read Read from a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
"POSIX::open". If the buffer $buf is not large enough for the read then Perl will
extend it to make room for the request.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
$bytes = POSIX::read( $fd, $buf, 3 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
See also "sysread" in perlfunc.
readdir This is identical to Perl's builtin "readdir()" function for reading directory
entries, see "readdir" in perlfunc.
realloc realloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
remove This is identical to Perl's builtin "unlink()" function for removing files, see
"unlink" in perlfunc.
rename This is identical to Perl's builtin "rename()" function for renaming files, see
"rename" in perlfunc.
rewind Seeks to the beginning of the file.
rewinddir
This is identical to Perl's builtin "rewinddir()" function for rewinding directory
entry streams, see "rewinddir" in perlfunc.
rmdir This is identical to Perl's builtin "rmdir()" function for removing (empty)
directories, see "rmdir" in perlfunc.
scanf scanf() is C-specific, use <> and regular expressions instead, see perlre.
setgid Sets the real group identifier and the effective group identifier for this
process. Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin $) variable, see
"$EGID" in perlvar, except that the latter will change only the real user
identifier, and that the setgid() uses only a single numeric argument, as opposed
to a space-separated list of numbers.
setjmp "setjmp()" is C-specific: use "eval {}" instead, see "eval" in perlfunc.
setlocale
Modifies and queries program's locale. The following examples assume
use POSIX qw(setlocale LC_ALL LC_CTYPE);
has been issued.
The following will set the traditional UNIX system locale behavior (the second
argument "C").
$loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "C" );
The following will query the current LC_CTYPE category. (No second argument means
'query'.)
$loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE );
The following will set the LC_CTYPE behaviour according to the locale environment
variables (the second argument ""). Please see your systems setlocale(3)
documentation for the locale environment variables' meaning or consult perllocale.
$loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE, "" );
The following will set the LC_COLLATE behaviour to Argentinian Spanish. NOTE: The
naming and availability of locales depends on your operating system. Please
consult perllocale for how to find out which locales are available in your system.
$loc = setlocale( LC_COLLATE, "es_AR.ISO8859-1" );
setpgid This is similar to the C function "setpgid()" for setting the process group
identifier of the current process.
Returns "undef" on failure.
setsid This is identical to the C function "setsid()" for setting the session identifier
of the current process.
setuid Sets the real user identifier and the effective user identifier for this process.
Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin $< variable, see "$UID" in
perlvar, except that the latter will change only the real user identifier.
sigaction
Detailed signal management. This uses "POSIX::SigAction" objects for the "action"
and "oldaction" arguments (the oldaction can also be just a hash reference).
Consult your system's "sigaction" manpage for details, see also "POSIX::SigRt".
Synopsis:
sigaction(signal, action, oldaction = 0)
Returns "undef" on failure. The "signal" must be a number (like SIGHUP), not a
string (like "SIGHUP"), though Perl does try hard to understand you.
If you use the SA_SIGINFO flag, the signal handler will in addition to the first
argument, the signal name, also receive a second argument, a hash reference,
inside which are the following keys with the following semantics, as defined by
POSIX/SUSv3:
signo the signal number
errno the error number
code if this is zero or less, the signal was sent by
a user process and the uid and pid make sense,
otherwise the signal was sent by the kernel
The following are also defined by POSIX/SUSv3, but unfortunately not very widely
implemented:
pid the process id generating the signal
uid the uid of the process id generating the signal
status exit value or signal for SIGCHLD
band band event for SIGPOLL
A third argument is also passed to the handler, which contains a copy of the raw
binary contents of the siginfo structure: if a system has some non-POSIX fields,
this third argument is where to unpack() them from.
Note that not all siginfo values make sense simultaneously (some are valid only
for certain signals, for example), and not all values make sense from Perl
perspective, you should to consult your system's "sigaction" and possibly also
"siginfo" documentation.
siglongjmp
siglongjmp() is C-specific: use "die" in perlfunc instead.
sigpending
Examine signals that are blocked and pending. This uses "POSIX::SigSet" objects
for the "sigset" argument. Consult your system's "sigpending" manpage for
details.
Synopsis:
sigpending(sigset)
Returns "undef" on failure.
sigprocmask
Change and/or examine calling process's signal mask. This uses "POSIX::SigSet"
objects for the "sigset" and "oldsigset" arguments. Consult your system's
"sigprocmask" manpage for details.
Synopsis:
sigprocmask(how, sigset, oldsigset = 0)
Returns "undef" on failure.
Note that you can't reliably block or unblock a signal from its own signal handler
if you're using safe signals. Other signals can be blocked or unblocked reliably.
sigsetjmp
"sigsetjmp()" is C-specific: use "eval {}" instead, see "eval" in perlfunc.
sigsuspend
Install a signal mask and suspend process until signal arrives. This uses
"POSIX::SigSet" objects for the "signal_mask" argument. Consult your system's
"sigsuspend" manpage for details.
Synopsis:
sigsuspend(signal_mask)
Returns "undef" on failure.
sin This is identical to Perl's builtin "sin()" function for returning the sine of the
numerical argument, see "sin" in perlfunc. See also Math::Trig.
sinh This is identical to the C function "sinh()" for returning the hyperbolic sine of
the numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
sleep This is functionally identical to Perl's builtin "sleep()" function for suspending
the execution of the current for process for certain number of seconds, see
"sleep" in perlfunc. There is one significant difference, however:
"POSIX::sleep()" returns the number of unslept seconds, while the "CORE::sleep()"
returns the number of slept seconds.
sprintf This is similar to Perl's builtin "sprintf()" function for returning a string that
has the arguments formatted as requested, see "sprintf" in perlfunc.
sqrt This is identical to Perl's builtin "sqrt()" function. for returning the square
root of the numerical argument, see "sqrt" in perlfunc.
srand Give a seed the pseudorandom number generator, see "srand" in perlfunc.
sscanf sscanf() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre.
stat This is identical to Perl's builtin "stat()" function for returning information
about files and directories.
strcat strcat() is C-specific, use ".=" instead, see perlop.
strchr strchr() is C-specific, see "index" in perlfunc instead.
strcmp strcmp() is C-specific, use "eq" or "cmp" instead, see perlop.
strcoll This is identical to the C function "strcoll()" for collating (comparing) strings
transformed using the "strxfrm()" function. Not really needed since Perl can do
this transparently, see perllocale.
strcpy strcpy() is C-specific, use "=" instead, see perlop.
strcspn strcspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre.
strerror
Returns the error string for the specified errno. Identical to the string form of
the $!, see "$ERRNO" in perlvar.
strftime
Convert date and time information to string. Returns the string.
Synopsis:
strftime(fmt, sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = -1, yday = -1, isdst = -1)
The month ("mon"), weekday ("wday"), and yearday ("yday") begin at zero. I.e.
January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The year
("year") is given in years since 1900. I.e., the year 1995 is 95; the year 2001
is 101. Consult your system's "strftime()" manpage for details about these and
the other arguments.
If you want your code to be portable, your format ("fmt") argument should use only
the conversion specifiers defined by the ANSI C standard (C89, to play safe).
These are "aAbBcdHIjmMpSUwWxXyYZ%". But even then, the results of some of the
conversion specifiers are non-portable. For example, the specifiers "aAbBcpZ"
change according to the locale settings of the user, and both how to set locales
(the locale names) and what output to expect are non-standard. The specifier "c"
changes according to the timezone settings of the user and the timezone
computation rules of the operating system. The "Z" specifier is notoriously
unportable since the names of timezones are non-standard. Sticking to the numeric
specifiers is the safest route.
The given arguments are made consistent as though by calling "mktime()" before
calling your system's "strftime()" function, except that the "isdst" value is not
affected.
The string for Tuesday, December 12, 1995.
$str = POSIX::strftime( "%A, %B %d, %Y", 0, 0, 0, 12, 11, 95, 2 );
print "$str\n";
strlen strlen() is C-specific, use "length()" instead, see "length" in perlfunc.
strncat strncat() is C-specific, use ".=" instead, see perlop.
strncmp strncmp() is C-specific, use "eq" instead, see perlop.
strncpy strncpy() is C-specific, use "=" instead, see perlop.
strpbrk strpbrk() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre.
strrchr strrchr() is C-specific, see "rindex" in perlfunc instead.
strspn strspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre.
strstr This is identical to Perl's builtin "index()" function, see "index" in perlfunc.
strtod String to double translation. Returns the parsed number and the number of
characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly POSIX-compliant systems
set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation error, so clear $! before calling
strtod. However, non-POSIX systems may not check for overflow, and therefore will
never set $!.
strtod should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.
To parse a string $str as a floating point number use
$! = 0;
($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtod($str);
The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:
if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || $!) {
die "Non-numeric input $str" . ($! ? ": $!\n" : "\n");
}
When called in a scalar context strtod returns the parsed number.
strtok strtok() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre, or "split" in
perlfunc.
strtol String to (long) integer translation. Returns the parsed number and the number of
characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly POSIX-compliant systems
set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation error, so clear $! before calling
strtol. However, non-POSIX systems may not check for overflow, and therefore will
never set $!.
strtol should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.
To parse a string $str as a number in some base $base use
$! = 0;
($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtol($str, $base);
The base should be zero or between 2 and 36, inclusive. When the base is zero or
omitted strtol will use the string itself to determine the base: a leading "0x" or
"0X" means hexadecimal; a leading "0" means octal; any other leading characters
mean decimal. Thus, "1234" is parsed as a decimal number, "01234" as an octal
number, and "0x1234" as a hexadecimal number.
The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:
if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
}
When called in a scalar context strtol returns the parsed number.
strtoul String to unsigned (long) integer translation. strtoul() is identical to strtol()
except that strtoul() only parses unsigned integers. See "strtol" for details.
Note: Some vendors supply strtod() and strtol() but not strtoul(). Other vendors
that do supply strtoul() parse "-1" as a valid value.
strxfrm String transformation. Returns the transformed string.
$dst = POSIX::strxfrm( $src );
Used in conjunction with the "strcoll()" function, see "strcoll".
Not really needed since Perl can do this transparently, see perllocale.
sysconf Retrieves values of system configurable variables.
The following will get the machine's clock speed.
$clock_ticks = POSIX::sysconf( &POSIX::_SC_CLK_TCK );
Returns "undef" on failure.
system This is identical to Perl's builtin "system()" function, see "system" in perlfunc.
tan This is identical to the C function "tan()", returning the tangent of the
numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
tanh This is identical to the C function "tanh()", returning the hyperbolic tangent of
the numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
tcdrain This is similar to the C function "tcdrain()" for draining the output queue of its
argument stream.
Returns "undef" on failure.
tcflow This is similar to the C function "tcflow()" for controlling the flow of its
argument stream.
Returns "undef" on failure.
tcflush This is similar to the C function "tcflush()" for flushing the I/O buffers of its
argument stream.
Returns "undef" on failure.
tcgetpgrp
This is identical to the C function "tcgetpgrp()" for returning the process group
identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling terminal.
tcsendbreak
This is similar to the C function "tcsendbreak()" for sending a break on its
argument stream.
Returns "undef" on failure.
tcsetpgrp
This is similar to the C function "tcsetpgrp()" for setting the process group
identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling terminal.
Returns "undef" on failure.
time This is identical to Perl's builtin "time()" function for returning the number of
seconds since the epoch (whatever it is for the system), see "time" in perlfunc.
times The times() function returns elapsed realtime since some point in the past (such
as system startup), user and system times for this process, and user and system
times used by child processes. All times are returned in clock ticks.
($realtime, $user, $system, $cuser, $csystem) = POSIX::times();
Note: Perl's builtin "times()" function returns four values, measured in seconds.
tmpfile Use method "IO::File::new_tmpfile()" instead, or see File::Temp.
tmpnam Returns a name for a temporary file.
$tmpfile = POSIX::tmpnam();
For security reasons, which are probably detailed in your system's documentation
for the C library tmpnam() function, this interface should not be used; instead
see File::Temp.
tolower This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Consider using the "lc()" function, see "lc" in
perlfunc, or the equivalent "\L" operator inside doublequotish strings.
toupper This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
character or to a whole string. Consider using the "uc()" function, see "uc" in
perlfunc, or the equivalent "\U" operator inside doublequotish strings.
ttyname This is identical to the C function "ttyname()" for returning the name of the
current terminal.
tzname Retrieves the time conversion information from the "tzname" variable.
POSIX::tzset();
($std, $dst) = POSIX::tzname();
tzset This is identical to the C function "tzset()" for setting the current timezone
based on the environment variable "TZ", to be used by "ctime()", "localtime()",
"mktime()", and "strftime()" functions.
umask This is identical to Perl's builtin "umask()" function for setting (and querying)
the file creation permission mask, see "umask" in perlfunc.
uname Get name of current operating system.
($sysname, $nodename, $release, $version, $machine) = POSIX::uname();
Note that the actual meanings of the various fields are not that well
standardized, do not expect any great portability. The $sysname might be the name
of the operating system, the $nodename might be the name of the host, the $release
might be the (major) release number of the operating system, the $version might be
the (minor) release number of the operating system, and the $machine might be a
hardware identifier. Maybe.
ungetc Use method "IO::Handle::ungetc()" instead.
unlink This is identical to Perl's builtin "unlink()" function for removing files, see
"unlink" in perlfunc.
utime This is identical to Perl's builtin "utime()" function for changing the time
stamps of files and directories, see "utime" in perlfunc.
vfprintf
vfprintf() is C-specific, see "printf" in perlfunc instead.
vprintf vprintf() is C-specific, see "printf" in perlfunc instead.
vsprintf
vsprintf() is C-specific, see "sprintf" in perlfunc instead.
wait This is identical to Perl's builtin "wait()" function, see "wait" in perlfunc.
waitpid Wait for a child process to change state. This is identical to Perl's builtin
"waitpid()" function, see "waitpid" in perlfunc.
$pid = POSIX::waitpid( -1, POSIX::WNOHANG );
print "status = ", ($? / 256), "\n";
wcstombs
This is identical to the C function "wcstombs()". Perl does not have any support
for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a
rather useless function.
wctomb This is identical to the C function "wctomb()". Perl does not have any support
for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a
rather useless function.
write Write to a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
"POSIX::open".
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY );
$buf = "hello";
$bytes = POSIX::write( $fd, $buf, 5 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
See also "syswrite" in perlfunc.
CLASSES
POSIX::SigAction
new Creates a new "POSIX::SigAction" object which corresponds to the C "struct
sigaction". This object will be destroyed automatically when it is no longer
needed. The first parameter is the handler, a sub reference. The second
parameter is a "POSIX::SigSet" object, it defaults to the empty set. The third
parameter contains the "sa_flags", it defaults to 0.
$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new(SIGINT, SIGQUIT);
$sigaction = POSIX::SigAction->new( \&handler, $sigset, &POSIX::SA_NOCLDSTOP );
This "POSIX::SigAction" object is intended for use with the "POSIX::sigaction()"
function.
handler
mask
flags accessor functions to get/set the values of a SigAction object.
$sigset = $sigaction->mask;
$sigaction->flags(&POSIX::SA_RESTART);
safe accessor function for the "safe signals" flag of a SigAction object; see perlipc
for general information on safe (a.k.a. "deferred") signals. If you wish to
handle a signal safely, use this accessor to set the "safe" flag in the
"POSIX::SigAction" object:
$sigaction->safe(1);
You may also examine the "safe" flag on the output action object which is filled
in when given as the third parameter to "POSIX::sigaction()":
sigaction(SIGINT, $new_action, $old_action);
if ($old_action->safe) {
# previous SIGINT handler used safe signals
}
POSIX::SigRt
%SIGRT A hash of the POSIX realtime signal handlers. It is an extension of the standard
%SIG, the $POSIX::SIGRT{SIGRTMIN} is roughly equivalent to $SIG{SIGRTMIN}, but the
right POSIX moves (see below) are made with the POSIX::SigSet and POSIX::sigaction
instead of accessing the %SIG.
You can set the %POSIX::SIGRT elements to set the POSIX realtime signal handlers,
use "delete" and "exists" on the elements, and use "scalar" on the %POSIX::SIGRT
to find out how many POSIX realtime signals there are available (SIGRTMAX -
SIGRTMIN + 1, the SIGRTMAX is a valid POSIX realtime signal).
Setting the %SIGRT elements is equivalent to calling this:
sub new {
my ($rtsig, $handler, $flags) = @_;
my $sigset = POSIX::SigSet($rtsig);
my $sigact = POSIX::SigAction->new($handler, $sigset, $flags);
sigaction($rtsig, $sigact);
}
The flags default to zero, if you want something different you can either use
"local" on $POSIX::SigRt::SIGACTION_FLAGS, or you can derive from POSIX::SigRt and
define your own "new()" (the tied hash STORE method of the %SIGRT calls
"new($rtsig, $handler, $SIGACTION_FLAGS)", where the $rtsig ranges from zero to
SIGRTMAX - SIGRTMIN + 1).
Just as with any signal, you can use sigaction($rtsig, undef, $oa) to retrieve the
installed signal handler (or, rather, the signal action).
NOTE: whether POSIX realtime signals really work in your system, or whether Perl
has been compiled so that it works with them, is outside of this discussion.
SIGRTMIN
Return the minimum POSIX realtime signal number available, or "undef" if no POSIX
realtime signals are available.
SIGRTMAX
Return the maximum POSIX realtime signal number available, or "undef" if no POSIX
realtime signals are available.
POSIX::SigSet
new Create a new SigSet object. This object will be destroyed automatically when it
is no longer needed. Arguments may be supplied to initialize the set.
Create an empty set.
$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new;
Create a set with SIGUSR1.
$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 );
addset Add a signal to a SigSet object.
$sigset->addset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
delset Remove a signal from the SigSet object.
$sigset->delset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
emptyset
Initialize the SigSet object to be empty.
$sigset->emptyset();
Returns "undef" on failure.
fillset Initialize the SigSet object to include all signals.
$sigset->fillset();
Returns "undef" on failure.
ismember
Tests the SigSet object to see if it contains a specific signal.
if( $sigset->ismember( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 ) ){
print "contains SIGUSR1\n";
}
POSIX::Termios
new Create a new Termios object. This object will be destroyed automatically when it
is no longer needed. A Termios object corresponds to the termios C struct. new()
mallocs a new one, getattr() fills it from a file descriptor, and setattr() sets a
file descriptor's parameters to match Termios' contents.
$termios = POSIX::Termios->new;
getattr Get terminal control attributes.
Obtain the attributes for stdin.
$termios->getattr( 0 ) # Recommended for clarity.
$termios->getattr()
Obtain the attributes for stdout.
$termios->getattr( 1 )
Returns "undef" on failure.
getcc Retrieve a value from the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is an
array so an index must be specified.
$c_cc[1] = $termios->getcc(1);
getcflag
Retrieve the c_cflag field of a termios object.
$c_cflag = $termios->getcflag;
getiflag
Retrieve the c_iflag field of a termios object.
$c_iflag = $termios->getiflag;
getispeed
Retrieve the input baud rate.
$ispeed = $termios->getispeed;
getlflag
Retrieve the c_lflag field of a termios object.
$c_lflag = $termios->getlflag;
getoflag
Retrieve the c_oflag field of a termios object.
$c_oflag = $termios->getoflag;
getospeed
Retrieve the output baud rate.
$ospeed = $termios->getospeed;
setattr Set terminal control attributes.
Set attributes immediately for stdout.
$termios->setattr( 1, &POSIX::TCSANOW );
Returns "undef" on failure.
setcc Set a value in the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is an array so
an index must be specified.
$termios->setcc( &POSIX::VEOF, 1 );
setcflag
Set the c_cflag field of a termios object.
$termios->setcflag( $c_cflag | &POSIX::CLOCAL );
setiflag
Set the c_iflag field of a termios object.
$termios->setiflag( $c_iflag | &POSIX::BRKINT );
setispeed
Set the input baud rate.
$termios->setispeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
setlflag
Set the c_lflag field of a termios object.
$termios->setlflag( $c_lflag | &POSIX::ECHO );
setoflag
Set the c_oflag field of a termios object.
$termios->setoflag( $c_oflag | &POSIX::OPOST );
setospeed
Set the output baud rate.
$termios->setospeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
Baud rate values
B38400 B75 B200 B134 B300 B1800 B150 B0 B19200 B1200 B9600 B600 B4800 B50 B2400
B110
Terminal interface values
TCSADRAIN TCSANOW TCOON TCIOFLUSH TCOFLUSH TCION TCIFLUSH TCSAFLUSH TCIOFF TCOOFF
c_cc field values
VEOF VEOL VERASE VINTR VKILL VQUIT VSUSP VSTART VSTOP VMIN VTIME NCCS
c_cflag field values
CLOCAL CREAD CSIZE CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8 CSTOPB HUPCL PARENB PARODD
c_iflag field values
BRKINT ICRNL IGNBRK IGNCR IGNPAR INLCR INPCK ISTRIP IXOFF IXON PARMRK
c_lflag field values
ECHO ECHOE ECHOK ECHONL ICANON IEXTEN ISIG NOFLSH TOSTOP
c_oflag field values
OPOST
PATHNAME CONSTANTS
Constants
_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _PC_LINK_MAX _PC_MAX_CANON _PC_MAX_INPUT _PC_NAME_MAX
_PC_NO_TRUNC _PC_PATH_MAX _PC_PIPE_BUF _PC_VDISABLE
POSIX CONSTANTS
Constants
_POSIX_ARG_MAX _POSIX_CHILD_MAX _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL
_POSIX_LINK_MAX _POSIX_MAX_CANON _POSIX_MAX_INPUT _POSIX_NAME_MAX
_POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX _POSIX_NO_TRUNC _POSIX_OPEN_MAX _POSIX_PATH_MAX _POSIX_PIPE_BUF
_POSIX_SAVED_IDS _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX _POSIX_STREAM_MAX _POSIX_TZNAME_MAX
_POSIX_VDISABLE _POSIX_VERSION
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Constants
_SC_ARG_MAX _SC_CHILD_MAX _SC_CLK_TCK _SC_JOB_CONTROL _SC_NGROUPS_MAX _SC_OPEN_MAX
_SC_PAGESIZE _SC_SAVED_IDS _SC_STREAM_MAX _SC_TZNAME_MAX _SC_VERSION
ERRNO
Constants
E2BIG EACCES EADDRINUSE EADDRNOTAVAIL EAFNOSUPPORT EAGAIN EALREADY EBADF EBUSY
ECHILD ECONNABORTED ECONNREFUSED ECONNRESET EDEADLK EDESTADDRREQ EDOM EDQUOT
EEXIST EFAULT EFBIG EHOSTDOWN EHOSTUNREACH EINPROGRESS EINTR EINVAL EIO EISCONN
EISDIR ELOOP EMFILE EMLINK EMSGSIZE ENAMETOOLONG ENETDOWN ENETRESET ENETUNREACH
ENFILE ENOBUFS ENODEV ENOENT ENOEXEC ENOLCK ENOMEM ENOPROTOOPT ENOSPC ENOSYS
ENOTBLK ENOTCONN ENOTDIR ENOTEMPTY ENOTSOCK ENOTTY ENXIO EOPNOTSUPP EPERM
EPFNOSUPPORT EPIPE EPROCLIM EPROTONOSUPPORT EPROTOTYPE ERANGE EREMOTE ERESTART
EROFS ESHUTDOWN ESOCKTNOSUPPORT ESPIPE ESRCH ESTALE ETIMEDOUT ETOOMANYREFS ETXTBSY
EUSERS EWOULDBLOCK EXDEV
FCNTL
Constants
FD_CLOEXEC F_DUPFD F_GETFD F_GETFL F_GETLK F_OK F_RDLCK F_SETFD F_SETFL F_SETLK
F_SETLKW F_UNLCK F_WRLCK O_ACCMODE O_APPEND O_CREAT O_EXCL O_NOCTTY O_NONBLOCK
O_RDONLY O_RDWR O_TRUNC O_WRONLY
FLOAT
Constants
DBL_DIG DBL_EPSILON DBL_MANT_DIG DBL_MAX DBL_MAX_10_EXP DBL_MAX_EXP DBL_MIN
DBL_MIN_10_EXP DBL_MIN_EXP FLT_DIG FLT_EPSILON FLT_MANT_DIG FLT_MAX FLT_MAX_10_EXP
FLT_MAX_EXP FLT_MIN FLT_MIN_10_EXP FLT_MIN_EXP FLT_RADIX FLT_ROUNDS LDBL_DIG
LDBL_EPSILON LDBL_MANT_DIG LDBL_MAX LDBL_MAX_10_EXP LDBL_MAX_EXP LDBL_MIN
LDBL_MIN_10_EXP LDBL_MIN_EXP
LIMITS
Constants
ARG_MAX CHAR_BIT CHAR_MAX CHAR_MIN CHILD_MAX INT_MAX INT_MIN LINK_MAX LONG_MAX
LONG_MIN MAX_CANON MAX_INPUT MB_LEN_MAX NAME_MAX NGROUPS_MAX OPEN_MAX PATH_MAX
PIPE_BUF SCHAR_MAX SCHAR_MIN SHRT_MAX SHRT_MIN SSIZE_MAX STREAM_MAX TZNAME_MAX
UCHAR_MAX UINT_MAX ULONG_MAX USHRT_MAX
LOCALE
Constants
LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME
MATH
Constants
HUGE_VAL
SIGNAL
Constants
SA_NOCLDSTOP SA_NOCLDWAIT SA_NODEFER SA_ONSTACK SA_RESETHAND SA_RESTART SA_SIGINFO
SIGABRT SIGALRM SIGCHLD SIGCONT SIGFPE SIGHUP SIGILL SIGINT SIGKILL SIGPIPE
SIGQUIT SIGSEGV SIGSTOP SIGTERM SIGTSTP SIGTTIN SIGTTOU SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIG_BLOCK
SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN SIG_SETMASK SIG_UNBLOCK
STAT
Constants
S_IRGRP S_IROTH S_IRUSR S_IRWXG S_IRWXO S_IRWXU S_ISGID S_ISUID S_IWGRP S_IWOTH
S_IWUSR S_IXGRP S_IXOTH S_IXUSR
Macros S_ISBLK S_ISCHR S_ISDIR S_ISFIFO S_ISREG
STDLIB
Constants
EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS MB_CUR_MAX RAND_MAX
STDIO
Constants
BUFSIZ EOF FILENAME_MAX L_ctermid L_cuserid L_tmpname TMP_MAX
TIME
Constants
CLK_TCK CLOCKS_PER_SEC
UNISTD
Constants
R_OK SEEK_CUR SEEK_END SEEK_SET STDIN_FILENO STDOUT_FILENO STDERR_FILENO W_OK X_OK
WAIT
Constants
WNOHANG WUNTRACED
WNOHANG Do not suspend the calling process until a child process changes
state but instead return immediately.
WUNTRACED Catch stopped child processes.
Macros WIFEXITED WEXITSTATUS WIFSIGNALED WTERMSIG WIFSTOPPED WSTOPSIG
WIFEXITED WIFEXITED(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) returns true if the child
process exited normally ("exit()" or by falling off the end of
"main()")
WEXITSTATUS WEXITSTATUS(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) returns the normal exit status
of the child process (only meaningful if
WIFEXITED(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) is true)
WIFSIGNALED WIFSIGNALED(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) returns true if the child
process terminated because of a signal
WTERMSIG WTERMSIG(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) returns the signal the child
process terminated for (only meaningful if
WIFSIGNALED(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) is true)
WIFSTOPPED WIFSTOPPED(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) returns true if the child
process is currently stopped (can happen only if you specified the
WUNTRACED flag to waitpid())
WSTOPSIG WSTOPSIG(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) returns the signal the child
process was stopped for (only meaningful if
WIFSTOPPED(${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}) is true)
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