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MIME::Lite(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation MIME::Lite(3)
NAME
MIME::Lite - low-calorie MIME generator
WAIT!
MIME::Lite is not recommended by its current maintainer. There are a number of
alternatives, like Email::MIME or MIME::Entity and Email::Sender, which you should
probably use instead. MIME::Lite continues to accrue weird bug reports, and it is not
receiving a large amount of refactoring due to the availability of better alternatives.
Please consider using something else.
SYNOPSIS
Create and send using the default send method for your OS a single-part message:
use MIME::Lite;
### Create a new single-part message, to send a GIF file:
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From => 'me AT myhost.com',
To => 'you AT yourhost.com',
Cc => 'some AT other.com, some AT more.com',
Subject => 'Helloooooo, nurse!',
Type => 'image/gif',
Encoding => 'base64',
Path => 'hellonurse.gif'
);
$msg->send; # send via default
Create a multipart message (i.e., one with attachments) and send it SMTP
### Create a new multipart message:
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From => 'me AT myhost.com',
To => 'you AT yourhost.com',
Cc => 'some AT other.com, some AT more.com',
Subject => 'A message with 2 parts...',
Type => 'multipart/mixed'
);
### Add parts (each "attach" has same arguments as "new"):
$msg->attach(
Type => 'TEXT',
Data => "Here's the GIF file you wanted"
);
$msg->attach(
Type => 'image/gif',
Path => 'aaa000123.gif',
Filename => 'logo.gif',
Disposition => 'attachment'
);
### use Net:SMTP to do the sending
$msg->send('smtp','some.host', Debug=>1 );
Output a message:
### Format as a string:
$str = $msg->as_string;
### Print to a filehandle (say, a "sendmail" stream):
$msg->print(\*SENDMAIL);
Send a message:
### Send in the "best" way (the default is to use "sendmail"):
$msg->send;
### Send a specific way:
$msg->send('type',@args);
Specify default send method:
MIME::Lite->send('smtp','some.host',Debug=>0);
with authentication
MIME::Lite->send('smtp','some.host', AuthUser=>$user, AuthPass=>$pass);
DESCRIPTION
In the never-ending quest for great taste with fewer calories, we proudly present:
MIME::Lite.
MIME::Lite is intended as a simple, standalone module for generating (not parsing!) MIME
messages... specifically, it allows you to output a simple, decent single- or multi-part
message with text or binary attachments. It does not require that you have the Mail:: or
MIME:: modules installed, but will work with them if they are.
You can specify each message part as either the literal data itself (in a scalar or
array), or as a string which can be given to open() to get a readable filehandle (e.g.,
"<filename" or "somecommand|").
You don't need to worry about encoding your message data: this module will do that for
you. It handles the 5 standard MIME encodings.
EXAMPLES
Create a simple message containing just text
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From =>'me AT myhost.com',
To =>'you AT yourhost.com',
Cc =>'some AT other.com, some AT more.com',
Subject =>'Helloooooo, nurse!',
Data =>"How's it goin', eh?"
);
Create a simple message containing just an image
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From =>'me AT myhost.com',
To =>'you AT yourhost.com',
Cc =>'some AT other.com, some AT more.com',
Subject =>'Helloooooo, nurse!',
Type =>'image/gif',
Encoding =>'base64',
Path =>'hellonurse.gif'
);
Create a multipart message
### Create the multipart "container":
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From =>'me AT myhost.com',
To =>'you AT yourhost.com',
Cc =>'some AT other.com, some AT more.com',
Subject =>'A message with 2 parts...',
Type =>'multipart/mixed'
);
### Add the text message part:
### (Note that "attach" has same arguments as "new"):
$msg->attach(
Type =>'TEXT',
Data =>"Here's the GIF file you wanted"
);
### Add the image part:
$msg->attach(
Type =>'image/gif',
Path =>'aaa000123.gif',
Filename =>'logo.gif',
Disposition => 'attachment'
);
Attach a GIF to a text message
This will create a multipart message exactly as above, but using the "attach to
singlepart" hack:
### Start with a simple text message:
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From =>'me AT myhost.com',
To =>'you AT yourhost.com',
Cc =>'some AT other.com, some AT more.com',
Subject =>'A message with 2 parts...',
Type =>'TEXT',
Data =>"Here's the GIF file you wanted"
);
### Attach a part... the make the message a multipart automatically:
$msg->attach(
Type =>'image/gif',
Path =>'aaa000123.gif',
Filename =>'logo.gif'
);
Attach a pre-prepared part to a message
### Create a standalone part:
$part = MIME::Lite->new(
Top => 0,
Type =>'text/html',
Data =>'<H1>Hello</H1>',
);
$part->attr('content-type.charset' => 'UTF-8');
$part->add('X-Comment' => 'A message for you');
### Attach it to any message:
$msg->attach($part);
Print a message to a filehandle
### Write it to a filehandle:
$msg->print(\*STDOUT);
### Write just the header:
$msg->print_header(\*STDOUT);
### Write just the encoded body:
$msg->print_body(\*STDOUT);
Print a message into a string
### Get entire message as a string:
$str = $msg->as_string;
### Get just the header:
$str = $msg->header_as_string;
### Get just the encoded body:
$str = $msg->body_as_string;
Send a message
### Send in the "best" way (the default is to use "sendmail"):
$msg->send;
Send an HTML document... with images included!
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
To =>'you AT yourhost.com',
Subject =>'HTML with in-line images!',
Type =>'multipart/related'
);
$msg->attach(
Type => 'text/html',
Data => qq{
<body>
Here's <i>my</i> image:
<img src="cid:myimage.gif">
</body>
},
);
$msg->attach(
Type => 'image/gif',
Id => 'myimage.gif',
Path => '/path/to/somefile.gif',
);
$msg->send();
Change how messages are sent
### Do something like this in your 'main':
if ($I_DONT_HAVE_SENDMAIL) {
MIME::Lite->send('smtp', $host, Timeout=>60,
AuthUser=>$user, AuthPass=>$pass);
}
### Now this will do the right thing:
$msg->send; ### will now use Net::SMTP as shown above
PUBLIC INTERFACE
Global configuration
To alter the way the entire module behaves, you have the following methods/options:
MIME::Lite->field_order()
When used as a classmethod, this changes the default order in which headers are output
for all messages. However, please consider using the instance method variant instead,
so you won't stomp on other message senders in the same application.
MIME::Lite->quiet()
This classmethod can be used to suppress/unsuppress all warnings coming from this
module.
MIME::Lite->send()
When used as a classmethod, this can be used to specify a different default mechanism
for sending message. The initial default is:
MIME::Lite->send("sendmail", "/usr/lib/sendmail -t -oi -oem");
However, you should consider the similar but smarter and taint-safe variant:
MIME::Lite->send("sendmail");
Or, for non-Unix users:
MIME::Lite->send("smtp");
$MIME::Lite::AUTO_CC
If true, automatically send to the Cc/Bcc addresses for send_by_smtp(). Default is
true.
$MIME::Lite::AUTO_CONTENT_TYPE
If true, try to automatically choose the content type from the file name in
"new()"/"build()". In other words, setting this true changes the default "Type" from
"TEXT" to "AUTO".
Default is false, since we must maintain backwards-compatibility with prior behavior.
Please consider keeping it false, and just using Type 'AUTO' when you build() or
attach().
$MIME::Lite::AUTO_ENCODE
If true, automatically choose the encoding from the content type. Default is true.
$MIME::Lite::AUTO_VERIFY
If true, check paths to attachments right before printing, raising an exception if any
path is unreadable. Default is true.
$MIME::Lite::PARANOID
If true, we won't attempt to use MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint, or MIME::Types, even
if they're available. Default is false. Please consider keeping it false, and
trusting these other packages to do the right thing.
Construction
new [PARAMHASH]
Class method, constructor. Create a new message object.
If any arguments are given, they are passed into "build()"; otherwise, just the empty
object is created.
attach PART
attach PARAMHASH...
Instance method. Add a new part to this message, and return the new part.
If you supply a single PART argument, it will be regarded as a MIME::Lite object to be
attached. Otherwise, this method assumes that you are giving in the pairs of a
PARAMHASH which will be sent into "new()" to create the new part.
One of the possibly-quite-useful hacks thrown into this is the "attach-to-singlepart"
hack: if you attempt to attach a part (let's call it "part 1") to a message that
doesn't have a content-type of "multipart" or "message", the following happens:
o A new part (call it "part 0") is made.
o The MIME attributes and data (but not the other headers) are cut from the "self"
message, and pasted into "part 0".
o The "self" is turned into a "multipart/mixed" message.
o The new "part 0" is added to the "self", and then "part 1" is added.
One of the nice side-effects is that you can create a text message and then add zero
or more attachments to it, much in the same way that a user agent like Netscape allows
you to do.
build [PARAMHASH]
Class/instance method, initializer. Create (or initialize) a MIME message object.
Normally, you'll use the following keys in PARAMHASH:
* Data, FH, or Path (either one of these, or none if multipart)
* Type (e.g., "image/jpeg")
* From, To, and Subject (if this is the "top level" of a message)
The PARAMHASH can contain the following keys:
(fieldname)
Any field you want placed in the message header, taken from the standard list of
header fields (you don't need to worry about case):
Approved Encrypted Received Sender
Bcc From References Subject
Cc Keywords Reply-To To
Comments Message-ID Resent-* X-*
Content-* MIME-Version Return-Path
Date Organization
To give experienced users some veto power, these fields will be set after the ones
I set... so be careful: don't set any MIME fields (like "Content-type") unless you
know what you're doing!
To specify a fieldname that's not in the above list, even one that's identical to
an option below, just give it with a trailing ":", like "My-field:". When in
doubt, that always signals a mail field (and it sort of looks like one too).
Data
Alternative to "Path" or "FH". The actual message data. This may be a scalar or
a ref to an array of strings; if the latter, the message consists of a simple
concatenation of all the strings in the array.
Datestamp
Optional. If given true (or omitted), we force the creation of a "Date:" field
stamped with the current date/time if this is a top-level message. You may want
this if using send_by_smtp(). If you don't want this to be done, either provide
your own Date or explicitly set this to false.
Disposition
Optional. The content disposition, "inline" or "attachment". The default is
"inline".
Encoding
Optional. The content transfer encoding that should be used to encode your data:
Use encoding: | If your message contains:
------------------------------------------------------------
7bit | Only 7-bit text, all lines <1000 characters
8bit | 8-bit text, all lines <1000 characters
quoted-printable | 8-bit text or long lines (more reliable than "8bit")
base64 | Largely non-textual data: a GIF, a tar file, etc.
The default is taken from the Type; generally it is "binary" (no encoding) for
text/*, message/*, and multipart/*, and "base64" for everything else. A value of
"binary" is generally not suitable for sending anything but ASCII text files with
lines under 1000 characters, so consider using one of the other values instead.
In the case of "7bit"/"8bit", long lines are automatically chopped to legal
length; in the case of "7bit", all 8-bit characters are automatically removed.
This may not be what you want, so pick your encoding well! For more info, see "A
MIME PRIMER".
FH Alternative to "Data" or "Path". Filehandle containing the data, opened for
reading. See "ReadNow" also.
Filename
Optional. The name of the attachment. You can use this to supply a recommended
filename for the end-user who is saving the attachment to disk. You only need
this if the filename at the end of the "Path" is inadequate, or if you're using
"Data" instead of "Path". You should not put path information in here (e.g., no
"/" or "\" or ":" characters should be used).
Id Optional. Same as setting "content-id".
Length
Optional. Set the content length explicitly. Normally, this header is
automatically computed, but only under certain circumstances (see "Benign
limitations").
Path
Alternative to "Data" or "FH". Path to a file containing the data... actually, it
can be any open()able expression. If it looks like a path, the last element will
automatically be treated as the filename. See "ReadNow" also.
ReadNow
Optional, for use with "Path". If true, will open the path and slurp the contents
into core now. This is useful if the Path points to a command and you don't want
to run the command over and over if outputting the message several times. Fatal
exception raised if the open fails.
Top Optional. If defined, indicates whether or not this is a "top-level" MIME
message. The parts of a multipart message are not top-level. Default is true.
Type
Optional. The MIME content type, or one of these special values (case-sensitive):
"TEXT" means "text/plain"
"BINARY" means "application/octet-stream"
"AUTO" means attempt to guess from the filename, falling back
to 'application/octet-stream'. This is good if you have
MIME::Types on your system and you have no idea what
file might be used for the attachment.
The default is "TEXT", but it will be "AUTO" if you set $AUTO_CONTENT_TYPE to true
(sorry, but you have to enable it explicitly, since we don't want to break code
which depends on the old behavior).
A picture being worth 1000 words (which is of course 2000 bytes, so it's probably more
of an "icon" than a "picture", but I digress...), here are some examples:
$msg = MIME::Lite->build(
From => 'yelling AT inter.com',
To => 'stocking AT fish.net',
Subject => "Hi there!",
Type => 'TEXT',
Encoding => '7bit',
Data => "Just a quick note to say hi!"
);
$msg = MIME::Lite->build(
From => 'dorothy AT emerald-city.oz',
To => 'gesundheit AT edu.edu',
Subject => "A gif for U"
Type => 'image/gif',
Path => "/home/httpd/logo.gif"
);
$msg = MIME::Lite->build(
From => 'laughing AT all.us',
To => 'scarlett AT fiddle.de',
Subject => "A gzipp'ed tar file",
Type => 'x-gzip',
Path => "gzip < /usr/inc/somefile.tar |",
ReadNow => 1,
Filename => "somefile.tgz"
);
To show you what's really going on, that last example could also have been written:
$msg = new MIME::Lite;
$msg->build(
Type => 'x-gzip',
Path => "gzip < /usr/inc/somefile.tar |",
ReadNow => 1,
Filename => "somefile.tgz"
);
$msg->add(From => "laughing AT all.us");
$msg->add(To => "scarlett AT fiddle.de");
$msg->add(Subject => "A gzipp'ed tar file");
Setting/getting headers and attributes
add TAG,VALUE
Instance method. Add field TAG with the given VALUE to the end of the header. The
TAG will be converted to all-lowercase, and the VALUE will be made "safe" (returns
will be given a trailing space).
Beware: any MIME fields you "add" will override any MIME attributes I have when it
comes time to output those fields. Normally, you will use this method to add non-MIME
fields:
$msg->add("Subject" => "Hi there!");
Giving VALUE as an arrayref will cause all those values to be added. This is only
useful for special multiple-valued fields like "Received":
$msg->add("Received" => ["here", "there", "everywhere"]
Giving VALUE as the empty string adds an invisible placeholder to the header, which
can be used to suppress the output of the "Content-*" fields or the special "MIME-
Version" field. When suppressing fields, you should use replace() instead of add():
$msg->replace("Content-disposition" => "");
Note: add() is probably going to be more efficient than "replace()", so you're better
off using it for most applications if you are certain that you don't need to delete()
the field first.
Note: the name comes from Mail::Header.
attr ATTR,[VALUE]
Instance method. Set MIME attribute ATTR to the string VALUE. ATTR is converted to
all-lowercase. This method is normally used to set/get MIME attributes:
$msg->attr("content-type" => "text/html");
$msg->attr("content-type.charset" => "US-ASCII");
$msg->attr("content-type.name" => "homepage.html");
This would cause the final output to look something like this:
Content-type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII; name="homepage.html"
Note that the special empty sub-field tag indicates the anonymous first sub-field.
Giving VALUE as undefined will cause the contents of the named subfield to be deleted.
Supplying no VALUE argument just returns the attribute's value:
$type = $msg->attr("content-type"); ### returns "text/html"
$name = $msg->attr("content-type.name"); ### returns "homepage.html"
delete TAG
Instance method. Delete field TAG with the given VALUE to the end of the header. The
TAG will be converted to all-lowercase.
$msg->delete("Subject");
Note: the name comes from Mail::Header.
field_order FIELD,...FIELD
Class/instance method. Change the order in which header fields are output for this
object:
$msg->field_order('from', 'to', 'content-type', 'subject');
When used as a class method, changes the default settings for all objects:
MIME::Lite->field_order('from', 'to', 'content-type', 'subject');
Case does not matter: all field names will be coerced to lowercase. In either case,
supply the empty array to restore the default ordering.
fields
Instance method. Return the full header for the object, as a ref to an array of
"[TAG, VALUE]" pairs, where each TAG is all-lowercase. Note that any fields the user
has explicitly set will override the corresponding MIME fields that we would otherwise
generate. So, don't say...
$msg->set("Content-type" => "text/html; charset=US-ASCII");
unless you want the above value to override the "Content-type" MIME field that we
would normally generate.
Note: I called this "fields" because the header() method of Mail::Header returns
something different, but similar enough to be confusing.
You can change the order of the fields: see "field_order". You really shouldn't need
to do this, but some people have to deal with broken mailers.
filename [FILENAME]
Instance method. Set the filename which this data will be reported as. This actually
sets both "standard" attributes.
With no argument, returns the filename as dictated by the content-disposition.
get TAG,[INDEX]
Instance method. Get the contents of field TAG, which might have been set with set()
or replace(). Returns the text of the field.
$ml->get('Subject', 0);
If the optional 0-based INDEX is given, then we return the INDEX'th occurrence of
field TAG. Otherwise, we look at the context: In a scalar context, only the first
(0th) occurrence of the field is returned; in an array context, all occurrences are
returned.
Warning: this should only be used with non-MIME fields. Behavior with MIME fields is
TBD, and will raise an exception for now.
get_length
Instance method. Recompute the content length for the message if the process is
trivial, setting the "content-length" attribute as a side-effect:
$msg->get_length;
Returns the length, or undefined if not set.
Note: the content length can be difficult to compute, since it involves assembling the
entire encoded body and taking the length of it (which, in the case of multipart
messages, means freezing all the sub-parts, etc.).
This method only sets the content length to a defined value if the message is a
singlepart with "binary" encoding, and the body is available either in-core or as a
simple file. Otherwise, the content length is set to the undefined value.
Since content-length is not a standard MIME field anyway (that's right, kids: it's not
in the MIME RFCs, it's an HTTP thing), this seems pretty fair.
parts
Instance method. Return the parts of this entity, and this entity only. Returns
empty array if this entity has no parts.
This is not recursive! Parts can have sub-parts; use parts_DFS() to get everything.
parts_DFS
Instance method. Return the list of all MIME::Lite objects included in the entity,
starting with the entity itself, in depth-first-search order. If this object has no
parts, it alone will be returned.
preamble [TEXT]
Instance method. Get/set the preamble string, assuming that this object has subparts.
Set it to undef for the default string.
replace TAG,VALUE
Instance method. Delete all occurrences of fields named TAG, and add a new field with
the given VALUE. TAG is converted to all-lowercase.
Beware the special MIME fields (MIME-version, Content-*): if you "replace" a MIME
field, the replacement text will override the actual MIME attributes when it comes
time to output that field. So normally you use attr() to change MIME fields and
add()/replace() to change non-MIME fields:
$msg->replace("Subject" => "Hi there!");
Giving VALUE as the empty string will effectively prevent that field from being
output. This is the correct way to suppress the special MIME fields:
$msg->replace("Content-disposition" => "");
Giving VALUE as undefined will just cause all explicit values for TAG to be deleted,
without having any new values added.
Note: the name of this method comes from Mail::Header.
scrub
Instance method. This is Alpha code. If you use it, please let me know how it goes.
Recursively goes through the "parts" tree of this message and tries to find MIME
attributes that can be removed. With an array argument, removes exactly those
attributes; e.g.:
$msg->scrub(['content-disposition', 'content-length']);
Is the same as recursively doing:
$msg->replace('Content-disposition' => '');
$msg->replace('Content-length' => '');
Setting/getting message data
binmode [OVERRIDE]
Instance method. With no argument, returns whether or not it thinks that the data (as
given by the "Path" argument of "build()") should be read using binmode() (for
example, when "read_now()" is invoked).
The default behavior is that any content type other than "text/*" or "message/*" is
binmode'd; this should in general work fine.
With a defined argument, this method sets an explicit "override" value. An undefined
argument unsets the override. The new current value is returned.
data [DATA]
Instance method. Get/set the literal DATA of the message. The DATA may be either a
scalar, or a reference to an array of scalars (which will simply be joined).
Warning: setting the data causes the "content-length" attribute to be recomputed
(possibly to nothing).
fh [FILEHANDLE]
Instance method. Get/set the FILEHANDLE which contains the message data.
Takes a filehandle as an input and stores it in the object. This routine is similar
to path(); one important difference is that no attempt is made to set the content
length.
path [PATH]
Instance method. Get/set the PATH to the message data.
Warning: setting the path recomputes any existing "content-length" field, and re-sets
the "filename" (to the last element of the path if it looks like a simple path, and to
nothing if not).
resetfh [FILEHANDLE]
Instance method. Set the current position of the filehandle back to the beginning.
Only applies if you used "FH" in build() or attach() for this message.
Returns false if unable to reset the filehandle (since not all filehandles are
seekable).
read_now
Instance method. Forces data from the path/filehandle (as specified by "build()") to
be read into core immediately, just as though you had given it literally with the
"Data" keyword.
Note that the in-core data will always be used if available.
Be aware that everything is slurped into a giant scalar: you may not want to use this
if sending tar files! The benefit of not reading in the data is that very large files
can be handled by this module if left on disk until the message is output via
"print()" or "print_body()".
sign PARAMHASH
Instance method. Sign the message. This forces the message to be read into core,
after which the signature is appended to it.
Data
As in "build()": the literal signature data. Can be either a scalar or a ref to
an array of scalars.
Path
As in "build()": the path to the file.
If no arguments are given, the default is:
Path => "$ENV{HOME}/.signature"
The content-length is recomputed.
verify_data
Instance method. Verify that all "paths" to attached data exist, recursively. It
might be a good idea for you to do this before a print(), to prevent accidental
partial output if a file might be missing. Raises exception if any path is not
readable.
Output
print [OUTHANDLE]
Instance method. Print the message to the given output handle, or to the currently-
selected filehandle if none was given.
All OUTHANDLE has to be is a filehandle (possibly a glob ref), or any object that
responds to a print() message.
print_body [OUTHANDLE] [IS_SMTP]
Instance method. Print the body of a message to the given output handle, or to the
currently-selected filehandle if none was given.
All OUTHANDLE has to be is a filehandle (possibly a glob ref), or any object that
responds to a print() message.
Fatal exception raised if unable to open any of the input files, or if a part contains
no data, or if an unsupported encoding is encountered.
IS_SMPT is a special option to handle SMTP mails a little more intelligently than
other send mechanisms may require. Specifically this ensures that the last byte sent
is NOT '\n' (octal \012) if the last two bytes are not '\r\n' (\015\012) as this will
cause some SMTP servers to hang.
print_header [OUTHANDLE]
Instance method. Print the header of the message to the given output handle, or to
the currently-selected filehandle if none was given.
All OUTHANDLE has to be is a filehandle (possibly a glob ref), or any object that
responds to a print() message.
as_string
Instance method. Return the entire message as a string, with a header and an encoded
body.
body_as_string
Instance method. Return the encoded body as a string. This is the portion after the
header and the blank line.
Note: actually prepares the body by "printing" to a scalar. Proof that you can hand
the "print*()" methods any blessed object that responds to a "print()" message.
header_as_string
Instance method. Return the header as a string.
Sending
send
send HOW, HOWARGS...
Class/instance method. This is the principal method for sending mail, and for
configuring how mail will be sent.
As a class method with a HOW argument and optional HOWARGS, it sets the default
sending mechanism that the no-argument instance method will use. The HOW is a
facility name (see below), and the HOWARGS is interpreted by the facility. The class
method returns the previous HOW and HOWARGS as an array.
MIME::Lite->send('sendmail', "d:\\programs\\sendmail.exe");
...
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(...);
$msg->send;
As an instance method with arguments (a HOW argument and optional HOWARGS), sends the
message in the requested manner; e.g.:
$msg->send('sendmail', "d:\\programs\\sendmail.exe");
As an instance method with no arguments, sends the message by the default mechanism
set up by the class method. Returns whatever the mail-handling routine returns: this
should be true on success, false/exception on error:
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(From=>...);
$msg->send || die "you DON'T have mail!";
On Unix systems (or rather non-Win32 systems), the default setting is equivalent to:
MIME::Lite->send("sendmail", "/usr/lib/sendmail -t -oi -oem");
On Win32 systems the default setting is equivalent to:
MIME::Lite->send("smtp");
The assumption is that on Win32 your site/lib/Net/libnet.cfg file will be
preconfigured to use the appropriate SMTP server. See below for configuring for
authentication.
There are three facilities:
"sendmail", ARGS...
Send a message by piping it into the "sendmail" command. Uses the
send_by_sendmail() method, giving it the ARGS. This usage implements (and
deprecates) the "sendmail()" method.
"smtp", [HOSTNAME, [NAMEDPARMS] ]
Send a message by SMTP, using optional HOSTNAME as SMTP-sending host. Net::SMTP
will be required. Uses the send_by_smtp() method. Any additional arguments passed
in will also be passed through to send_by_smtp. This is useful for things like
mail servers requiring authentication where you can say something like the
following
MIME::Lite->send('smtp', $host, AuthUser=>$user, AuthPass=>$pass);
which will configure things so future uses of
$msg->send();
do the right thing.
"sub", \&SUBREF, ARGS...
Sends a message MSG by invoking the subroutine SUBREF of your choosing, with MSG
as the first argument, and ARGS following.
For example: let's say you're on an OS which lacks the usual Unix "sendmail" facility,
but you've installed something a lot like it, and you need to configure your Perl
script to use this "sendmail.exe" program. Do this following in your script's setup:
MIME::Lite->send('sendmail', "d:\\programs\\sendmail.exe");
Then, whenever you need to send a message $msg, just say:
$msg->send;
That's it. Now, if you ever move your script to a Unix box, all you need to do is
change that line in the setup and you're done. All of your $msg->send invocations
will work as expected.
After sending, the method last_send_successful() can be used to determine if the send
was successful or not.
send_by_sendmail SENDMAILCMD
send_by_sendmail PARAM=>VALUE, ARRAY, HASH...
Instance method. Send message via an external "sendmail" program (this will probably
only work out-of-the-box on Unix systems).
Returns true on success, false or exception on error.
You can specify the program and all its arguments by giving a single string,
SENDMAILCMD. Nothing fancy is done; the message is simply piped in.
However, if your needs are a little more advanced, you can specify zero or more of the
following PARAM/VALUE pairs (or a reference to hash or array of such arguments as well
as any combination thereof); a Unix-style, taint-safe "sendmail" command will be
constructed for you:
Sendmail
Full path to the program to use. Default is "/usr/lib/sendmail".
BaseArgs
Ref to the basic array of arguments we start with. Default is "["-t", "-oi",
"-oem"]".
SetSender
Unless this is explicitly given as false, we attempt to automatically set the "-f"
argument to the first address that can be extracted from the "From:" field of the
message (if there is one).
What is the -f, and why do we use it? Suppose we did not use "-f", and you gave
an explicit "From:" field in your message: in this case, the sendmail "envelope"
would indicate the real user your process was running under, as a way of
preventing mail forgery. Using the "-f" switch causes the sender to be set in the
envelope as well.
So when would I NOT want to use it? If sendmail doesn't regard you as a "trusted"
user, it will permit the "-f" but also add an "X-Authentication-Warning" header to
the message to indicate a forged envelope. To avoid this, you can either (1) have
SetSender be false, or (2) make yourself a trusted user by adding a "T"
configuration
command to your sendmail.cf file
(e.g.: "Teryq" if the script is running as user "eryq").
FromSender
If defined, this is identical to setting SetSender to true, except that instead of
looking at the "From:" field we use the address given by this option. Thus:
FromSender => 'me AT myhost.com'
After sending, the method last_send_successful() can be used to determine if the send
was successful or not.
send_by_smtp HOST, ARGS...
send_by_smtp REF, HOST, ARGS
Instance method. Send message via SMTP, using Net::SMTP -- which will be required for
this feature.
HOST is the name of SMTP server to connect to, or undef to have Net::SMTP use the
defaults in Libnet.cfg.
ARGS are a list of key value pairs which may be selected from the list below. Many of
these are just passed through to specific Net::SMTP commands and you should review
that module for details.
Please see Good-vs-bad email addresses with send_by_smtp()
Hello
LocalAddr
LocalPort
Timeout
Port
ExactAddresses
Debug
See Net::SMTP::new() for details.
Size
Return
Bits
Transaction
Envelope
See Net::SMTP::mail() for details.
SkipBad
If true doesn't throw an error when multiple email addresses are provided and some
are not valid. See Net::SMTP::recipient() for details.
AuthUser
Authenticate with Net::SMTP::auth() using this username.
AuthPass
Authenticate with Net::SMTP::auth() using this password.
NoAuth
Normally if AuthUser and AuthPass are defined MIME::Lite will attempt to use them
with the Net::SMTP::auth() command to authenticate the connection, however if this
value is true then no authentication occurs.
To Sets the addresses to send to. Can be a string or a reference to an array of
strings. Normally this is extracted from the To: (and Cc: and Bcc: fields if
$AUTO_CC is true).
This value overrides that.
From
Sets the email address to send from. Normally this value is extracted from the
Return-Path: or From: field of the mail itself (in that order).
This value overrides that.
Returns: True on success, croaks with an error message on failure.
After sending, the method last_send_successful() can be used to determine if the send
was successful or not.
send_by_testfile FILENAME
Instance method. Print message to a file (namely FILENAME), which will default to
mailer.testfile If file exists, message will be appended.
last_send_successful
This method will return TRUE if the last send() or send_by_XXX() method call was
successful. It will return defined but false if it was not successful, and undefined
if the object had not been used to send yet.
sendmail COMMAND...
Class method, DEPRECATED. Declare the sender to be "sendmail", and set up the
"sendmail" command. You should use send() instead.
Miscellaneous
quiet ONOFF
Class method. Suppress/unsuppress all warnings coming from this module.
MIME::Lite->quiet(1); ### I know what I'm doing
I recommend that you include that comment as well. And while you type it, say it out
loud: if it doesn't feel right, then maybe you should reconsider the whole line.
";-)"
NOTES
How do I prevent "Content" headers from showing up in my mail reader?
Apparently, some people are using mail readers which display the MIME headers like
"Content-disposition", and they want MIME::Lite not to generate them "because they look
ugly".
Sigh.
Y'know, kids, those headers aren't just there for cosmetic purposes. They help ensure
that the message is understood correctly by mail readers. But okay, you asked for it, you
got it... here's how you can suppress the standard MIME headers. Before you send the
message, do this:
$msg->scrub;
You can scrub() any part of a multipart message independently; just be aware that it works
recursively. Before you scrub, note the rules that I follow:
Content-type
You can safely scrub the "content-type" attribute if, and only if, the part is of type
"text/plain" with charset "us-ascii".
Content-transfer-encoding
You can safely scrub the "content-transfer-encoding" attribute if, and only if, the
part uses "7bit", "8bit", or "binary" encoding. You are far better off doing this if
your lines are under 1000 characters. Generally, that means you can scrub it for
plain text, and you can not scrub this for images, etc.
Content-disposition
You can safely scrub the "content-disposition" attribute if you trust the mail reader
to do the right thing when it decides whether to show an attachment inline or as a
link. Be aware that scrubbing both the content-disposition and the content-type means
that there is no way to "recommend" a filename for the attachment!
Note: there are reports of brain-dead MUAs out there that do the wrong thing if you
provide the content-disposition. If your attachments keep showing up inline or vice-
versa, try scrubbing this attribute.
Content-length
You can always scrub "content-length" safely.
How do I give my attachment a [different] recommended filename?
By using the Filename option (which is different from Path!):
$msg->attach(Type => "image/gif",
Path => "/here/is/the/real/file.GIF",
Filename => "logo.gif");
You should not put path information in the Filename.
Benign limitations
This is "lite", after all...
o There's no parsing. Get MIME-tools if you need to parse MIME messages.
o MIME::Lite messages are currently not interchangeable with either Mail::Internet or
MIME::Entity objects. This is a completely separate module.
o A content-length field is only inserted if the encoding is binary, the message is a
singlepart, and all the document data is available at "build()" time by virtue of
residing in a simple path, or in-core. Since content-length is not a standard MIME
field anyway (that's right, kids: it's not in the MIME RFCs, it's an HTTP thing), this
seems pretty fair.
o MIME::Lite alone cannot help you lose weight. You must supplement your use of
MIME::Lite with a healthy diet and exercise.
Cheap and easy mailing
I thought putting in a default "sendmail" invocation wasn't too bad an idea, since a lot
of Perlers are on UNIX systems. (As of version 3.02 this is default only on Non-Win32
boxen. On Win32 boxen the default is to use SMTP and the defaults specified in the
site/lib/Net/libnet.cfg)
The out-of-the-box configuration is:
MIME::Lite->send('sendmail', "/usr/lib/sendmail -t -oi -oem");
By the way, these arguments to sendmail are:
-t Scan message for To:, Cc:, Bcc:, etc.
-oi Do NOT treat a single "." on a line as a message terminator.
As in, "-oi vey, it truncated my message... why?!"
-oem On error, mail back the message (I assume to the
appropriate address, given in the header).
When mail returns, circle is complete. Jai Guru Deva -oem.
Note that these are the same arguments you get if you configure to use the smarter, taint-
safe mailing:
MIME::Lite->send('sendmail');
If you get "X-Authentication-Warning" headers from this, you can forgo diddling with the
envelope by instead specifying:
MIME::Lite->send('sendmail', SetSender=>0);
And, if you're not on a Unix system, or if you'd just rather send mail some other way,
there's always SMTP, which these days probably requires authentication so you probably
need to say
MIME::Lite->send('smtp', "smtp.myisp.net",
AuthUser=>"YourName",AuthPass=>"YourPass" );
Or you can set up your own subroutine to call. In any case, check out the send() method.
WARNINGS
Good-vs-bad email addresses with send_by_smtp()
If using send_by_smtp(), be aware that unless you explicitly provide the email addresses
to send to and from you will be forcing MIME::Lite to extract email addresses out of a
possible list provided in the "To:", "Cc:", and "Bcc:" fields. This is tricky stuff, and
as such only the following sorts of addresses will work reliably:
username
full.name AT some.com
"Name, Full" <full.name AT some.com>
Disclaimer: MIME::Lite was never intended to be a Mail User Agent, so please don't expect
a full implementation of RFC-822. Restrict yourself to the common forms of Internet
addresses described herein, and you should be fine. If this is not feasible, then
consider using MIME::Lite to prepare your message only, and using Net::SMTP explicitly to
send your message.
Note: As of MIME::Lite v3.02 the mail name extraction routines have been beefed up
considerably. Furthermore if Mail::Address if provided then name extraction is done using
that. Accordingly the above advice is now less true than it once was. Funky email names
should work properly now. However the disclaimer remains. Patches welcome. :-)
Formatting of headers delayed until print()
This class treats a MIME header in the most abstract sense, as being a collection of high-
level attributes. The actual RFC-822-style header fields are not constructed until it's
time to actually print the darn thing.
Encoding of data delayed until print()
When you specify message bodies (in build() or attach()) -- whether by FH, Data, or Path
-- be warned that we don't attempt to open files, read filehandles, or encode the data
until print() is invoked.
In the past, this created some confusion for users of sendmail who gave the wrong path to
an attachment body, since enough of the print() would succeed to get the initial part of
the message out. Nowadays, $AUTO_VERIFY is used to spot-check the Paths given before the
mail facility is employed. A whisker slower, but tons safer.
Note that if you give a message body via FH, and try to print() a message twice, the
second print() will not do the right thing unless you explicitly rewind the filehandle.
You can get past these difficulties by using the ReadNow option, provided that you have
enough memory to handle your messages.
MIME attributes are separate from header fields!
Important: the MIME attributes are stored and manipulated separately from the message
header fields; when it comes time to print the header out, any explicitly-given header
fields override the ones that would be created from the MIME attributes. That means that
this:
### DANGER ### DANGER ### DANGER ### DANGER ### DANGER ###
$msg->add("Content-type", "text/html; charset=US-ASCII");
will set the exact "Content-type" field in the header I write, regardless of what the
actual MIME attributes are.
This feature is for experienced users only, as an escape hatch in case the code that
normally formats MIME header fields isn't doing what you need. And, like any escape
hatch, it's got an alarm on it: MIME::Lite will warn you if you attempt to "set()" or
"replace()" any MIME header field. Use "attr()" instead.
Beware of lines consisting of a single dot
Julian Haight noted that MIME::Lite allows you to compose messages with lines in the body
consisting of a single ".". This is true: it should be completely harmless so long as
"sendmail" is used with the -oi option (see "Cheap and easy mailing").
However, I don't know if using Net::SMTP to transfer such a message is equally safe.
Feedback is welcomed.
My perspective: I don't want to magically diddle with a user's message unless absolutely
positively necessary. Some users may want to send files with "." alone on a line; my
well-meaning tinkering could seriously harm them.
Infinite loops may mean tainted data!
Stefan Sautter noticed a bug in 2.106 where a m//gc match was failing due to tainted data,
leading to an infinite loop inside MIME::Lite.
I am attempting to correct for this, but be advised that my fix will silently untaint the
data (given the context in which the problem occurs, this should be benign: I've labelled
the source code with UNTAINT comments for the curious).
So: don't depend on taint-checking to save you from outputting tainted data in a message.
Don't tweak the global configuration
Global configuration variables are bad, and should go away. Until they do, please follow
the hints with each setting on how not to change it.
A MIME PRIMER
Content types
The "Type" parameter of "build()" is a content type. This is the actual type of data you
are sending. Generally this is a string of the form "majortype/minortype".
Here are the major MIME types. A more-comprehensive listing may be found in RFC-2046.
application
Data which does not fit in any of the other categories, particularly data to be
processed by some type of application program. "application/octet-stream",
"application/gzip", "application/postscript"...
audio
Audio data. "audio/basic"...
image
Graphics data. "image/gif", "image/jpeg"...
message
A message, usually another mail or MIME message. "message/rfc822"...
multipart
A message containing other messages. "multipart/mixed", "multipart/alternative"...
text
Textual data, meant for humans to read. "text/plain", "text/html"...
video
Video or video+audio data. "video/mpeg"...
Content transfer encodings
The "Encoding" parameter of "build()". This is how the message body is packaged up for
safe transit.
Here are the 5 major MIME encodings. A more-comprehensive listing may be found in
RFC-2045.
7bit
Basically, no real encoding is done. However, this label guarantees that no 8-bit
characters are present, and that lines do not exceed 1000 characters in length.
8bit
Basically, no real encoding is done. The message might contain 8-bit characters, but
this encoding guarantees that lines do not exceed 1000 characters in length.
binary
No encoding is done at all. Message might contain 8-bit characters, and lines might
be longer than 1000 characters long.
The most liberal, and the least likely to get through mail gateways. Use sparingly,
or (better yet) not at all.
base64
Like "uuencode", but very well-defined. This is how you should send essentially
binary information (tar files, GIFs, JPEGs, etc.).
quoted-printable
Useful for encoding messages which are textual in nature, yet which contain non-ASCII
characters (e.g., Latin-1, Latin-2, or any other 8-bit alphabet).
HELPER MODULES
MIME::Lite works nicely with other certain other modules if they are present. Good to
have installed are the latest MIME::Types, Mail::Address, MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint,
and Net::SMTP. Email::Date::Format is strictly required.
If they aren't present then some functionality won't work, and other features wont be as
efficient or up to date as they could be. Nevertheless they are optional extras.
BUNDLED GOODIES
MIME::Lite comes with a number of extra files in the distribution bundle. This includes
examples, and utility modules that you can use to get yourself started with the module.
The ./examples directory contains a number of snippets in prepared form, generally they
are documented, but they should be easy to understand.
The ./contrib directory contains a companion/tool modules that come bundled with
MIME::Lite, they don't get installed by default. Please review the POD they come with.
BUGS
The whole reason that version 3.0 was released was to ensure that MIME::Lite is up to date
and patched. If you find an issue please report it.
As far as I know MIME::Lite doesn't currently have any serious bugs, but my usage is
hardly comprehensive.
Having said that there are a number of open issues for me, mostly caused by the progress
in the community as whole since Eryq last released. The tests are based around an
interesting but non standard test framework. I'd like to change it over to using
Test::More.
Should tests fail please review the ./testout directory, and in any bug reports please
include the output of the relevant file. This is the only redeeming feature of not using
Test::More that I can see.
Bug fixes / Patches / Contribution are welcome, however I probably won't apply them unless
they also have an associated test. This means that if I don't have the time to write the
test the patch wont get applied, so please, include tests for any patches you provide.
VERSION
Version: 3.030
CHANGE LOG
Moved to ./changes.pod
NOTE: Users of the "advanced features" of 3.01_0x smtp sending should take care: These
features have been REMOVED as they never really fit the purpose of the module. Redundant
SMTP delivery is a task that should be handled by another module.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Copyright (c) 1997 by Eryq.
Copyright (c) 1998 by ZeeGee Software Inc.
Copyright (c) 2003,2005 Yves Orton. (demerphq)
All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.
This software comes with NO WARRANTY of any kind. See the COPYING file in the
distribution for details.
NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION
For some reason, the US FDA says that this is now required by law on any products that
bear the name "Lite"...
Version 3.0 is now new and improved! The distribution is now 30% smaller!
MIME::Lite |
------------------------------------------------------------
Serving size: | 1 module
Servings per container: | 1
Calories: | 0
Fat: | 0g
Saturated Fat: | 0g
Warning: for consumption by hardware only! May produce indigestion in humans if taken
internally.
AUTHOR
Eryq (eryq AT zeegee.com). President, ZeeGee Software Inc. (http://www.zeegee.com).
Go to http://www.cpan.org for the latest downloads and on-line documentation for this
module. Enjoy.
Patches And Maintenance by Yves Orton and many others. Consult ./changes.pod
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