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GIT-SHOW(1) Git Manual GIT-SHOW(1)
NAME
git-show - Show various types of objects
SYNOPSIS
git show [options] <object>...
DESCRIPTION
Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).
For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also presents the merge commit
in a special format as produced by git diff-tree --cc.
For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects.
For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to git ls-tree with --name-only).
For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.
The command takes options applicable to the git diff-tree command to control how the
changes the commit introduces are shown.
This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.
OPTIONS
<object>...
The names of objects to show. For a more complete list of ways to spell object names,
see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions(7).
--pretty[=<format>], --format=<format>
Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, where <format> can be
one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller, email, raw and format:<string>. See the
"PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each format. When omitted,
the format defaults to medium.
Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository configuration (see
git-config(1)).
--abbrev-commit
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name, show only a
partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>"
(which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed).
This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for people using
80-column terminals.
--no-abbrev-commit
Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates --abbrev-commit and
those options which imply it such as "--oneline". It also overrides the
log.abbrevCommit variable.
--oneline
This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used together.
--encoding[=<encoding>]
The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in their encoding
header; this option can be used to tell the command to re-code the commit log message
in the encoding preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to
UTF-8.
--notes[=<ref>]
Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that annotate the commit, when showing the commit
log message. This is the default for git log, git show and git whatchanged commands
when there is no --pretty, --format nor --oneline option given on the command line.
By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the core.notesRef and
notes.displayRef variables (or corresponding environment overrides). See git-config(1)
for more details.
With an optional <ref> argument, show this notes ref instead of the default notes
ref(s). The ref is taken to be in refs/notes/ if it is not qualified.
Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are being displayed.
Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from "refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo
--notes" will show both notes from "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).
--no-notes
Do not show notes. This negates the above --notes option, by resetting the list of
notes refs from which notes are shown. Options are parsed in the order given on the
command line, so e.g. "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show
notes from "refs/notes/bar".
--show-notes[=<ref>], --[no-]standard-notes
These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes options instead.
--show-signature
Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature to gpg --verify
and show the output.
PRETTY FORMATS
If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline, email or raw, an
additional line is inserted before the Author: line. This line begins with "Merge: " and
the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed
commits may not necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have limited
your view of history: for example, if you are only interested in changes related to a
certain directory or file.
There are several built-in formats, and you can define additional formats by setting a
pretty.<name> config option to either another format name, or a format: string, as
described below (see git-config(1)). Here are the details of the built-in formats:
o oneline
<sha1> <title line>
This is designed to be as compact as possible.
o short
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
<title line>
o medium
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Date: <author date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
o full
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Commit: <committer>
<title line>
<full commit message>
o fuller
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
AuthorDate: <author date>
Commit: <committer>
CommitDate: <committer date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
o email
From <sha1> <date>
From: <author>
Date: <author date>
Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
<full commit message>
o raw
The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the commit object.
Notably, the SHA-1s are displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
--no-abbrev are used, and parents information show the true parent commits, without
taking grafts nor history simplification into account.
o format:<string>
The format:<string> format allows you to specify which information you want to show.
It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable exception that you get a
newline with %n instead of \n.
E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n" would show
something like this:
The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
The placeholders are:
o %H: commit hash
o %h: abbreviated commit hash
o %T: tree hash
o %t: abbreviated tree hash
o %P: parent hashes
o %p: abbreviated parent hashes
o %an: author name
o %aN: author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
o %ae: author email
o %aE: author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
o %ad: author date (format respects --date= option)
o %aD: author date, RFC2822 style
o %ar: author date, relative
o %at: author date, UNIX timestamp
o %ai: author date, ISO 8601 format
o %cn: committer name
o %cN: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
o %ce: committer email
o %cE: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
o %cd: committer date
o %cD: committer date, RFC2822 style
o %cr: committer date, relative
o %ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp
o %ci: committer date, ISO 8601 format
o %d: ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)
o %e: encoding
o %s: subject
o %f: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
o %b: body
o %B: raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
o %N: commit notes
o %GG: raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
o %G?: show "G" for a Good signature, "B" for a Bad signature, "U" for a good,
untrusted signature and "N" for no signature
o %GS: show the name of the signer for a signed commit
o %GK: show the key used to sign a signed commit
o %gD: reflog selector, e.g., refs/stash@{1}
o %gd: shortened reflog selector, e.g., stash@{1}
o %gn: reflog identity name
o %gN: reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-
blame(1))
o %ge: reflog identity email
o %gE: reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-
blame(1))
o %gs: reflog subject
o %Cred: switch color to red
o %Cgreen: switch color to green
o %Cblue: switch color to blue
o %Creset: reset color
o %C(...): color specification, as described in color.branch.* config option; adding
auto, at the beginning will emit color only when colors are enabled for log output
(by color.diff, color.ui, or --color, and respecting the auto settings of the
former if we are going to a terminal). auto alone (i.e. %C(auto)) will turn on
auto coloring on the next placeholders until the color is switched again.
o %m: left, right or boundary mark
o %n: newline
o %%: a raw %
o %x00: print a byte from a hex code
o %w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]): switch line wrapping, like the -w option of git-
shortlog(1).
o %<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc]): make the next placeholder take at least N columns,
padding spaces on the right if necessary. Optionally truncate at the beginning
(ltrunc), the middle (mtrunc) or the end (trunc) if the output is longer than N
columns. Note that truncating only works correctly with N >= 2.
o %<|(<N>): make the next placeholder take at least until Nth columns, padding
spaces on the right if necessary
o %>(<N>), %>|(<N>): similar to %<(<N>), %<|(<N>) respectively, but padding spaces
on the left
o %>>(<N>), %>>|(<N>): similar to %>(<N>), %>|(<N>) respectively, except that if the
next placeholder takes more spaces than given and there are spaces on its left,
use those spaces
o %><(<N>), %><|(<N>): similar to % <(<N>), %<|(<N>) respectively, but padding both
sides (i.e. the text is centered)
Note
Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision traversal engine.
For example, the %g* reflog options will insert an empty string unless we are
traversing reflog entries (e.g., by git log -g). The %d placeholder will use the
"short" decoration format if --decorate was not already provided on the command line.
If you add a + (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is inserted immediately
before the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
If you add a - (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, line-feeds that immediately precede
the expansion are deleted if and only if the placeholder expands to an empty string.
If you add a ` ` (space) after % of a placeholder, a space is inserted immediately before
the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
o tformat:
The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it provides "terminator"
semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In other words, each commit has the
message terminator character (usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator
placed between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line format will
be properly terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does. For
example:
$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973
In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is interpreted as if it has
tformat: in front of it. For example, these two are equivalent:
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef
EXAMPLES
git show v1.0.0
Shows the tag v1.0.0, along with the object the tags points at.
git show v1.0.0^{tree}
Shows the tree pointed to by the tag v1.0.0.
git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^{commit}
Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by the tag v1.0.0.
git show next~10:Documentation/README
Shows the contents of the file Documentation/README as they were current in the 10th
last commit of the branch next.
git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile
Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head of the branch master.
DISCUSSION
At the core level, Git is character encoding agnostic.
o The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are treated as
uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What readdir(2) returns are what are
recorded and compared with the data Git keeps track of, which in turn are expected to
be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding
translation.
o The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no
encoding translation at the core level.
o The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in UTF-8, both the core and
Git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a
particular project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git does not forbid
it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind.
1. git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log message given to it
does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a
legacy encoding. The way to say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in .git/config
file, like this:
[i18n]
commitencoding = ISO-8859-1
Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of i18n.commitencoding
in its encoding header. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of
this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
2. git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding header of a commit
object, and try to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You
can specify the desired output encoding with i18n.logoutputencoding in .git/config
file, like this:
[i18n]
logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1
If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of i18n.commitencoding is
used instead.
Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message when a commit is
made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not
necessarily a reversible operation.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
Git 1.8.3.1 05/23/2023 GIT-SHOW(1)
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On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
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