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Emacs MIME
**********
This manual documents the libraries used to compose and display MIME
messages.
This manual is directed at users who want to modify the behavior of
the MIME encoding/decoding process or want a more detailed picture of
how the Emacs MIME library works, and people who want to write functions
and commands that manipulate MIME elements.
MIME is short for "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions". This
standard is documented in a number of RFCs; mainly RFC2045 (Format of
Internet Message Bodies), RFC2046 (Media Types), RFC2047 (Message Header
Extensions for Non-ASCII Text), RFC2048 (Registration Procedures),
RFC2049 (Conformance Criteria and Examples). It is highly recommended
that anyone who intends writing MIME-compliant software read at least
RFC2045 and RFC2047.
This file documents the Emacs MIME interface functionality.
Copyright © 1998-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
"GNU Free Documentation License".
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual."
* Menu:
* Decoding and Viewing:: A framework for decoding and viewing.
* Composing:: MML; a language for describing MIME parts.
* Interface Functions:: An abstraction over the basic functions.
* Basic Functions:: Utility and basic parsing functions.
* Standards:: A summary of RFCs and working documents used.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
* Index:: Function and variable index.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Decoding and Viewing, Next: Composing, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Decoding and Viewing
**********************
This chapter deals with decoding and viewing MIME messages on a higher
level.
The main idea is to first analyze a MIME article, and then allow
other programs to do things based on the list of "handles" that are
returned as a result of this analysis.
* Menu:
* Dissection:: Analyzing a MIME message.
* Non-MIME:: Analyzing a non-MIME message.
* Handles:: Handle manipulations.
* Display:: Displaying handles.
* Display Customization:: Variables that affect display.
* Files and Directories:: Saving and naming attachments.
* New Viewers:: How to write your own viewers.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Dissection, Next: Non-MIME, Up: Decoding and Viewing
1.1 Dissection
==============
The 'mm-dissect-buffer' is the function responsible for dissecting a
MIME article. If given a multipart message, it will recursively descend
the message, following the structure, and return a tree of MIME handles
that describes the structure of the message.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Non-MIME, Next: Handles, Prev: Dissection, Up: Decoding and Viewing
1.2 Non-MIME
============
Gnus also understands some non-MIME attachments, such as postscript,
uuencode, binhex, yenc, shar, forward, gnatsweb, pgp, diff. Each of
these features can be disabled by add an item into
'mm-uu-configure-list'. For example,
(require 'mm-uu)
(add-to-list 'mm-uu-configure-list '(pgp-signed . disabled))
'postscript'
PostScript file.
'uu'
Uuencoded file.
'binhex'
Binhex encoded file.
'yenc'
Yenc encoded file.
'shar'
Shar archive file.
'forward'
Non-MIME forwarded message.
'gnatsweb'
Gnatsweb attachment.
'pgp-signed'
PGP signed clear text.
'pgp-encrypted'
PGP encrypted clear text.
'pgp-key'
PGP public keys.
'emacs-sources'
Emacs source code. This item works only in the groups matching
'mm-uu-emacs-sources-regexp'.
'diff'
Patches. This is intended for groups where diffs of committed
files are automatically sent to. It only works in groups matching
'mm-uu-diff-groups-regexp'.
'verbatim-marks'
Slrn-style verbatim marks.
'LaTeX'
LaTeX documents. It only works in groups matching
'mm-uu-tex-groups-regexp'.
Some inlined non-MIME attachments are displayed using the face
'mm-uu-extract'. By default, no MIME button for these parts is
displayed. You can force displaying a button using 'K b'
('gnus-summary-display-buttonized') or add 'text/x-verbatim' to
'gnus-buttonized-mime-types', *Note MIME Commands: (gnus)MIME Commands.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Handles, Next: Display, Prev: Non-MIME, Up: Decoding and Viewing
1.3 Handles
===========
A MIME handle is a list that fully describes a MIME component.
The following macros can be used to access elements in a handle:
'mm-handle-buffer'
Return the buffer that holds the contents of the undecoded MIME
part.
'mm-handle-type'
Return the parsed 'Content-Type' of the part.
'mm-handle-encoding'
Return the 'Content-Transfer-Encoding' of the part.
'mm-handle-undisplayer'
Return the object that can be used to remove the displayed part (if
it has been displayed).
'mm-handle-set-undisplayer'
Set the undisplayer object.
'mm-handle-disposition'
Return the parsed 'Content-Disposition' of the part.
'mm-get-content-id'
Returns the handle(s) referred to by 'Content-ID'.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Display, Next: Display Customization, Prev: Handles, Up: Decoding and Viewing
1.4 Display
===========
Functions for displaying, removing and saving.
'mm-display-part'
Display the part.
'mm-remove-part'
Remove the part (if it has been displayed).
'mm-inlinable-p'
Say whether a MIME type can be displayed inline.
'mm-automatic-display-p'
Say whether a MIME type should be displayed automatically.
'mm-destroy-part'
Free all resources occupied by a part.
'mm-save-part'
Offer to save the part in a file.
'mm-pipe-part'
Offer to pipe the part to some process.
'mm-interactively-view-part'
Prompt for a mailcap method to use to view the part.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Display Customization, Next: Files and Directories, Prev: Display, Up: Decoding and Viewing
1.5 Display Customization
=========================
'mm-inline-media-tests'
This is an alist where the key is a MIME type, the second element
is a function to display the part "inline" (i.e., inside Emacs),
and the third element is a form to be 'eval'ed to say whether the
part can be displayed inline.
This variable specifies whether a part _can_ be displayed inline,
and, if so, how to do it. It does not say whether parts are
_actually_ displayed inline.
'mm-inlined-types'
This, on the other hand, says what types are to be displayed
inline, if they satisfy the conditions set by the variable above.
It's a list of MIME media types.
'mm-automatic-display'
This is a list of types that are to be displayed "automatically",
but only if the above variable allows it. That is, only inlinable
parts can be displayed automatically.
'mm-automatic-external-display'
This is a list of types that will be displayed automatically in an
external viewer.
'mm-keep-viewer-alive-types'
This is a list of media types for which the external viewer will
not be killed when selecting a different article.
'mm-attachment-override-types'
Some MIME agents create parts that have a content-disposition of
'attachment'. This variable allows overriding that disposition and
displaying the part inline. (Note that the disposition is only
overridden if we are able to, and want to, display the part
inline.)
'mm-discouraged-alternatives'
List of MIME types that are discouraged when viewing
'multipart/alternative'. Viewing agents are supposed to view the
last possible part of a message, as that is supposed to be the
richest. However, users may prefer other types instead, and this
list says what types are most unwanted. If, for instance,
'text/html' parts are very unwanted, and 'text/richtext' parts are
somewhat unwanted, you could say something like:
(setq mm-discouraged-alternatives
'("text/html" "text/richtext")
mm-automatic-display
(remove "text/html" mm-automatic-display))
Adding '"image/.*"' might also be useful. Spammers use images as
the preferred part of 'multipart/alternative' messages, so you
might not notice there are other parts. See also
'gnus-buttonized-mime-types', *note MIME Commands: (gnus)MIME
Commands. After adding '"multipart/alternative"' to
'gnus-buttonized-mime-types' you can choose manually which
alternative you'd like to view. For example, you can set those
variables like:
(setq gnus-buttonized-mime-types
'("multipart/alternative" "multipart/signed")
mm-discouraged-alternatives
'("text/html" "image/.*"))
In this case, Gnus will display radio buttons for such a kind of
spam message as follows:
1. (*) multipart/alternative ( ) image/gif
2. (*) text/plain ( ) text/html
'mm-inline-large-images'
When displaying inline images that are larger than the window,
Emacs does not enable scrolling, which means that you cannot see
the whole image. To prevent this, the library tries to determine
the image size before displaying it inline, and if it doesn't fit
the window, the library will display it externally (e.g., with
'ImageMagick' or 'xv'). Setting this variable to 't' disables this
check and makes the library display all inline images as inline,
regardless of their size. If you set this variable to 'resize',
the image will be displayed resized to fit in the window, if Emacs
has the ability to resize images.
'mm-inline-large-images-proportion'
The proportion used when resizing large images.
'mm-inline-override-types'
'mm-inlined-types' may include regular expressions, for example to
specify that all 'text/.*' parts be displayed inline. If a user
prefers to have a type that matches such a regular expression be
treated as an attachment, that can be accomplished by setting this
variable to a list containing that type. For example assuming
'mm-inlined-types' includes 'text/.*', then including 'text/html'
in this variable will cause 'text/html' parts to be treated as
attachments.
'mm-text-html-renderer'
This selects the function used to render HTML. The predefined
renderers are selected by the symbols 'gnus-article-html', 'w3',
'w3m'(1), 'links', 'lynx', 'w3m-standalone' or 'html2text'. If
'nil' use an external viewer. You can also specify a function,
which will be called with a MIME handle as the argument.
'mm-inline-text-html-with-images'
Some HTML mails might have the trick of spammers using '<img>'
tags. It is likely to be intended to verify whether you have read
the mail. You can prevent your personal information from leaking
by setting this option to 'nil' (which is the default). It is
currently ignored by Emacs/w3. For emacs-w3m, you may use the
command 't' on the image anchor to show an image even if it is
'nil'.(2)
'mm-w3m-safe-url-regexp'
A regular expression that matches safe URL names, i.e., URLs that
are unlikely to leak personal information when rendering HTML email
(the default value is '\\`cid:'). If 'nil' consider all URLs safe.
In Gnus, this will be overridden according to the value of the
variable 'gnus-safe-html-newsgroups', *Note Various Various:
(gnus)Various Various.
'mm-inline-text-html-with-w3m-keymap'
You can use emacs-w3m command keys in the inlined text/html part by
setting this option to non-'nil'. The default value is 't'.
'mm-external-terminal-program'
The program used to start an external terminal.
'mm-enable-external'
Indicate whether external MIME handlers should be used.
If 't', all defined external MIME handlers are used. If 'nil',
files are saved to disk ('mailcap-save-binary-file'). If it is the
symbol 'ask', you are prompted before the external MIME handler is
invoked.
When you launch an attachment through mailcap (*note mailcap::) an
attempt is made to use a safe viewer with the safest options--this
isn't the case if you save it to disk and launch it in a different
way (command line or double-clicking). Anyhow, if you want to be
sure not to launch any external programs, set this variable to
'nil' or 'ask'.
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) See <http://emacs-w3m.namazu.org/> for more information about
emacs-w3m
(2) The command 'T' will load all images. If you have set the option
'w3m-key-binding' to 'info', use 'i' or 'I' instead.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Files and Directories, Next: New Viewers, Prev: Display Customization, Up: Decoding and Viewing
1.6 Files and Directories
=========================
'mm-default-directory'
The default directory for saving attachments. If 'nil' use
'default-directory'.
'mm-tmp-directory'
Directory for storing temporary files.
'mm-file-name-rewrite-functions'
A list of functions used for rewriting file names of MIME parts.
Each function is applied successively to the file name. Ready-made
functions include
'mm-file-name-delete-control'
Delete all control characters.
'mm-file-name-delete-gotchas'
Delete characters that could have unintended consequences when
used with flawed shell scripts, i.e., '|', '>' and '<'; and
'-', '.' as the first character.
'mm-file-name-delete-whitespace'
Remove all whitespace.
'mm-file-name-trim-whitespace'
Remove leading and trailing whitespace.
'mm-file-name-collapse-whitespace'
Collapse multiple whitespace characters.
'mm-file-name-replace-whitespace'
Replace whitespace with underscores. Set the variable
'mm-file-name-replace-whitespace' to any other string if you
do not like underscores.
The standard Emacs functions 'capitalize', 'downcase', 'upcase' and
'upcase-initials' might also prove useful.
'mm-path-name-rewrite-functions'
List of functions used for rewriting the full file names of MIME
parts. This is used when viewing parts externally, and is meant
for transforming the absolute name so that non-compliant programs
can find the file where it's saved.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: New Viewers, Prev: Files and Directories, Up: Decoding and Viewing
1.7 New Viewers
===============
Here's an example viewer for displaying 'text/enriched' inline:
(defun mm-display-enriched-inline (handle)
(let (text)
(with-temp-buffer
(mm-insert-part handle)
(save-window-excursion
(enriched-decode (point-min) (point-max))
(setq text (buffer-string))))
(mm-insert-inline handle text)))
We see that the function takes a MIME handle as its parameter. It
then goes to a temporary buffer, inserts the text of the part, does some
work on the text, stores the result, goes back to the buffer it was
called from and inserts the result.
The two important helper functions here are 'mm-insert-part' and
'mm-insert-inline'. The first function inserts the text of the handle
in the current buffer. It handles charset and/or content transfer
decoding. The second function just inserts whatever text you tell it to
insert, but it also sets things up so that the text can be "undisplayed"
in a convenient manner.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Composing, Next: Interface Functions, Prev: Decoding and Viewing, Up: Top
2 Composing
***********
Creating a MIME message is boring and non-trivial. Therefore, a library
called 'mml' has been defined that parses a language called MML (MIME
Meta Language) and generates MIME messages.
The main interface function is 'mml-generate-mime'. It will examine
the contents of the current (narrowed-to) buffer and return a string
containing the MIME message.
* Menu:
* Simple MML Example:: An example MML document.
* MML Definition:: All valid MML elements.
* Advanced MML Example:: Another example MML document.
* Encoding Customization:: Variables that affect encoding.
* Charset Translation:: How charsets are mapped from MULE to MIME.
* Conversion:: Going from MIME to MML and vice versa.
* Flowed text:: Soft and hard newlines.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Simple MML Example, Next: MML Definition, Up: Composing
2.1 Simple MML Example
======================
Here's a simple 'multipart/alternative':
<#multipart type=alternative>
This is a plain text part.
<#part type=text/enriched>
<center>This is a centered enriched part</center>
<#/multipart>
After running this through 'mml-generate-mime', we get this:
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="=-=-="
--=-=-=
This is a plain text part.
--=-=-=
Content-Type: text/enriched
<center>This is a centered enriched part</center>
--=-=-=--
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: MML Definition, Next: Advanced MML Example, Prev: Simple MML Example, Up: Composing
2.2 MML Definition
==================
The MML language is very simple. It looks a bit like an SGML
application, but it's not.
The main concept of MML is the "part". Each part can be of a
different type or use a different charset. The way to delineate a part
is with a '<#part ...>' tag. Multipart parts can be introduced with the
'<#multipart ...>' tag. Parts are ended by the '<#/part>' or
'<#/multipart>' tags. Parts started with the '<#part ...>' tags are
also closed by the next open tag.
There's also the '<#external ...>' tag. These introduce
'external/message-body' parts.
Each tag can contain zero or more parameters on the form
'parameter=value'. The values may be enclosed in quotation marks, but
that's not necessary unless the value contains white space. So
'filename=/home/user/#hello$^yes' is perfectly valid.
The following parameters have meaning in MML; parameters that have no
meaning are ignored. The MML parameter names are the same as the MIME
parameter names; the things in the parentheses say which header it will
be used in.
'type'
The MIME type of the part ('Content-Type').
'filename'
Use the contents of the file in the body of the part
('Content-Disposition').
'charset'
The contents of the body of the part are to be encoded in the
character set specified ('Content-Type'). *Note Charset
Translation::.
'name'
Might be used to suggest a file name if the part is to be saved to
a file ('Content-Type').
'disposition'
Valid values are 'inline' and 'attachment' ('Content-Disposition').
'encoding'
Valid values are '7bit', '8bit', 'quoted-printable' and 'base64'
('Content-Transfer-Encoding'). *Note Charset Translation::.
'description'
A description of the part ('Content-Description').
'creation-date'
RFC822 date when the part was created ('Content-Disposition').
'modification-date'
RFC822 date when the part was modified ('Content-Disposition').
'read-date'
RFC822 date when the part was read ('Content-Disposition').
'recipients'
Who to encrypt/sign the part to. This field is used to override
any auto-detection based on the To/CC headers.
'sender'
Identity used to sign the part. This field is used to override the
default key used.
'size'
The size (in octets) of the part ('Content-Disposition').
'sign'
What technology to sign this MML part with ('smime', 'pgp' or
'pgpmime')
'encrypt'
What technology to encrypt this MML part with ('smime', 'pgp' or
'pgpmime')
Parameters for 'text/plain':
'format'
Formatting parameter for the text, valid values include 'fixed'
(the default) and 'flowed'. Normally you do not specify this
manually, since it requires the textual body to be formatted in a
special way described in RFC 2646. *Note Flowed text::.
Parameters for 'application/octet-stream':
'type'
Type of the part; informal--meant for human readers
('Content-Type').
Parameters for 'message/external-body':
'access-type'
A word indicating the supported access mechanism by which the file
may be obtained. Values include 'ftp', 'anon-ftp', 'tftp',
'localfile', and 'mailserver'. ('Content-Type'.)
'expiration'
The RFC822 date after which the file may no longer be fetched.
('Content-Type'.)
'size'
The size (in octets) of the file. ('Content-Type'.)
'permission'
Valid values are 'read' and 'read-write' ('Content-Type').
Parameters for 'sign=smime':
'keyfile'
File containing key and certificate for signer.
Parameters for 'encrypt=smime':
'certfile'
File containing certificate for recipient.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Advanced MML Example, Next: Encoding Customization, Prev: MML Definition, Up: Composing
2.3 Advanced MML Example
========================
Here's a complex multipart message. It's a 'multipart/mixed' that
contains many parts, one of which is a 'multipart/alternative'.
<#multipart type=mixed>
<#part type=image/jpeg filename=~/rms.jpg disposition=inline>
<#multipart type=alternative>
This is a plain text part.
<#part type=text/enriched name=enriched.txt>
<center>This is a centered enriched part</center>
<#/multipart>
This is a new plain text part.
<#part disposition=attachment>
This plain text part is an attachment.
<#/multipart>
And this is the resulting MIME message:
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="=-=-="
--=-=-=
--=-=-=
Content-Type: image/jpeg;
filename="~/rms.jpg"
Content-Disposition: inline;
filename="~/rms.jpg"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64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--=-=-=
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="==-=-="
--==-=-=
This is a plain text part.
--==-=-=
Content-Type: text/enriched;
name="enriched.txt"
<center>This is a centered enriched part</center>
--==-=-=--
--=-=-=
This is a new plain text part.
--=-=-=
Content-Disposition: attachment
This plain text part is an attachment.
--=-=-=--
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Encoding Customization, Next: Charset Translation, Prev: Advanced MML Example, Up: Composing
2.4 Encoding Customization
==========================
'mm-body-charset-encoding-alist'
Mapping from MIME charset to encoding to use. This variable is
usually used except, e.g., when other requirements force a specific
encoding (digitally signed messages require 7bit encodings). The
default is
((iso-2022-jp . 7bit)
(iso-2022-jp-2 . 7bit)
(utf-16 . base64)
(utf-16be . base64)
(utf-16le . base64))
As an example, if you do not want to have ISO-8859-1 characters
quoted-printable encoded, you may add '(iso-8859-1 . 8bit)' to this
variable. You can override this setting on a per-message basis by
using the 'encoding' MML tag (*note MML Definition::).
'mm-coding-system-priorities'
Prioritize coding systems to use for outgoing messages. The
default is 'nil', which means to use the defaults in Emacs, but is
'(iso-8859-1 iso-2022-jp iso-2022-jp-2 shift_jis utf-8)' when
running Emacs in the Japanese language environment. It is a list
of coding system symbols (aliases of coding systems are also
allowed, use 'M-x describe-coding-system' to make sure you are
specifying correct coding system names). For example, if you have
configured Emacs to prefer UTF-8, but wish that outgoing messages
should be sent in ISO-8859-1 if possible, you can set this variable
to '(iso-8859-1)'. You can override this setting on a per-message
basis by using the 'charset' MML tag (*note MML Definition::).
As different hierarchies prefer different charsets, you may want to
set 'mm-coding-system-priorities' according to the hierarchy in
Gnus. Here's an example:
(add-to-list 'gnus-newsgroup-variables 'mm-coding-system-priorities)
(setq gnus-parameters
(nconc
;; Some charsets are just examples!
'(("^cn\\." ;; Chinese
(mm-coding-system-priorities
'(iso-8859-1 cn-big5 chinese-iso-7bit utf-8)))
("^cz\\.\\|^pl\\." ;; Central and Eastern European
(mm-coding-system-priorities '(iso-8859-2 utf-8)))
("^de\\." ;; German language
(mm-coding-system-priorities '(iso-8859-1 iso-8859-15 utf-8)))
("^fr\\." ;; French
(mm-coding-system-priorities '(iso-8859-15 iso-8859-1 utf-8)))
("^fj\\." ;; Japanese
(mm-coding-system-priorities
'(iso-8859-1 iso-2022-jp iso-2022-jp-2 shift_jis utf-8)))
("^ru\\." ;; Cyrillic
(mm-coding-system-priorities
'(koi8-r iso-8859-5 iso-8859-1 utf-8))))
gnus-parameters))
'mm-content-transfer-encoding-defaults'
Mapping from MIME types to encoding to use. This variable is
usually used except, e.g., when other requirements force a safer
encoding (digitally signed messages require 7bit encoding).
Besides the normal MIME encodings, 'qp-or-base64' may be used to
indicate that for each case the most efficient of quoted-printable
and base64 should be used.
'qp-or-base64' has another effect. It will fold long lines so that
MIME parts may not be broken by MTA. So do 'quoted-printable' and
'base64'.
Note that it affects body encoding only when a part is a raw
forwarded message (which will be made by
'gnus-summary-mail-forward' with the arg 2 for example) or is
neither the 'text/*' type nor the 'message/*' type. Even though in
those cases, you can override this setting on a per-message basis
by using the 'encoding' MML tag (*note MML Definition::).
'mm-use-ultra-safe-encoding'
When this is non-'nil', it means that textual parts are encoded as
quoted-printable if they contain lines longer than 76 characters or
starting with "From " in the body. Non-7bit encodings (8bit,
binary) are generally disallowed. This reduce the probability that
a non-8bit clean MTA or MDA changes the message. This should never
be set directly, but bound by other functions when necessary (e.g.,
when encoding messages that are to be digitally signed).
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Charset Translation, Next: Conversion, Prev: Encoding Customization, Up: Composing
2.5 Charset Translation
=======================
During translation from MML to MIME, for each MIME part which has been
composed inside Emacs, an appropriate charset has to be chosen.
If you are running a non-MULE Emacs, this process is simple: If the
part contains any non-ASCII (8-bit) characters, the MIME charset given
by 'mail-parse-charset' (a symbol) is used. (Never set this variable
directly, though. If you want to change the default charset, please
consult the documentation of the package which you use to process MIME
messages. *Note Various Message Variables: (message)Various Message
Variables, for example.) If there are only ASCII characters, the MIME
charset US-ASCII is used, of course.
Things are slightly more complicated when running Emacs with MULE
support. In this case, a list of the MULE charsets used in the part is
obtained, and the MULE charsets are translated to MIME charsets by
consulting the table provided by Emacs itself or the variable
'mm-mime-mule-charset-alist' for XEmacs. If this results in a single
MIME charset, this is used to encode the part. But if the resulting
list of MIME charsets contains more than one element, two things can
happen: If it is possible to encode the part via UTF-8, this charset is
used. (For this, Emacs must support the 'utf-8' coding system, and the
part must consist entirely of characters which have Unicode
counterparts.) If UTF-8 is not available for some reason, the part is
split into several ones, so that each one can be encoded with a single
MIME charset. The part can only be split at line boundaries, though--if
more than one MIME charset is required to encode a single line, it is
not possible to encode the part.
When running Emacs with MULE support, the preferences for which
coding system to use is inherited from Emacs itself. This means that if
Emacs is set up to prefer UTF-8, it will be used when encoding messages.
You can modify this by altering the 'mm-coding-system-priorities'
variable though (*note Encoding Customization::).
The charset to be used can be overridden by setting the 'charset' MML
tag (*note MML Definition::) when composing the message.
The encoding of characters (quoted-printable, 8bit, etc.) is
orthogonal to the discussion here, and is controlled by the variables
'mm-body-charset-encoding-alist' and
'mm-content-transfer-encoding-defaults' (*note Encoding
Customization::).
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Conversion, Next: Flowed text, Prev: Charset Translation, Up: Composing
2.6 Conversion
==============
A (multipart) MIME message can be converted to MML with the
'mime-to-mml' function. It works on the message in the current buffer,
and substitutes MML markup for MIME boundaries. Non-textual parts do
not have their contents in the buffer, but instead have the contents in
separate buffers that are referred to from the MML tags.
An MML message can be converted back to MIME by the 'mml-to-mime'
function.
These functions are in certain senses "lossy"--you will not get back
an identical message if you run 'mime-to-mml' and then 'mml-to-mime'.
Not only will trivial things like the order of the headers differ, but
the contents of the headers may also be different. For instance, the
original message may use base64 encoding on text, while 'mml-to-mime'
may decide to use quoted-printable encoding, and so on.
In essence, however, these two functions should be the inverse of
each other. The resulting contents of the message should remain
equivalent, if not identical.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Flowed text, Prev: Conversion, Up: Composing
2.7 Flowed text
===============
The Emacs MIME library will respect the 'use-hard-newlines' variable
(*note Hard and Soft Newlines: (emacs)Hard and Soft Newlines.) when
encoding a message, and the "format=flowed" Content-Type parameter when
decoding a message.
On encoding text, regardless of 'use-hard-newlines', lines terminated
by soft newline characters are filled together and wrapped after the
column decided by 'fill-flowed-encode-column'. Quotation marks
(matching '^>* ?') are respected. The variable controls how the text
will look in a client that does not support flowed text, the default is
to wrap after 66 characters. If hard newline characters are not present
in the buffer, no flow encoding occurs.
You can customize the value of the 'mml-enable-flowed' variable to
enable or disable the flowed encoding usage when newline characters are
present in the buffer.
On decoding flowed text, lines with soft newline characters are
filled together and wrapped after the column decided by
'fill-flowed-display-column'. The default is to wrap after
'fill-column'.
'mm-fill-flowed'
If non-'nil' a format=flowed article will be displayed flowed.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Interface Functions, Next: Basic Functions, Prev: Composing, Up: Top
3 Interface Functions
*********************
The 'mail-parse' library is an abstraction over the actual low-level
libraries that are described in the next chapter.
Standards change, and so programs have to change to fit in the new
mold. For instance, RFC2045 describes a syntax for the 'Content-Type'
header that only allows ASCII characters in the parameter list. RFC2231
expands on RFC2045 syntax to provide a scheme for continuation headers
and non-ASCII characters.
The traditional way to deal with this is just to update the library
functions to parse the new syntax. However, this is sometimes the wrong
thing to do. In some instances it may be vital to be able to understand
both the old syntax as well as the new syntax, and if there is only one
library, one must choose between the old version of the library and the
new version of the library.
The Emacs MIME library takes a different tack. It defines a series
of low-level libraries ('rfc2047.el', 'rfc2231.el' and so on) that
parses strictly according to the corresponding standard. However,
normal programs would not use the functions provided by these libraries
directly, but instead use the functions provided by the 'mail-parse'
library. The functions in this library are just aliases to the
corresponding functions in the latest low-level libraries. Using this
scheme, programs get a consistent interface they can use, and library
developers are free to create write code that handles new standards.
The following functions are defined by this library:
'mail-header-parse-content-type'
Parse a 'Content-Type' header and return a list on the following
format:
("type/subtype"
(attribute1 . value1)
(attribute2 . value2)
...)
Here's an example:
(mail-header-parse-content-type
"image/gif; name=\"b980912.gif\"")
=> ("image/gif" (name . "b980912.gif"))
'mail-header-parse-content-disposition'
Parse a 'Content-Disposition' header and return a list on the same
format as the function above.
'mail-content-type-get'
Takes two parameters--a list on the format above, and an attribute.
Returns the value of the attribute.
(mail-content-type-get
'("image/gif" (name . "b980912.gif")) 'name)
=> "b980912.gif"
'mail-header-encode-parameter'
Takes a parameter string and returns an encoded version of the
string. This is used for parameters in headers like 'Content-Type'
and 'Content-Disposition'.
'mail-header-remove-comments'
Return a comment-free version of a header.
(mail-header-remove-comments
"Gnus/5.070027 (Pterodactyl Gnus v0.27) (Finnish Landrace)")
=> "Gnus/5.070027 "
'mail-header-remove-whitespace'
Remove linear white space from a header. Space inside quoted
strings and comments is preserved.
(mail-header-remove-whitespace
"image/gif; name=\"Name with spaces\"")
=> "image/gif;name=\"Name with spaces\""
'mail-header-get-comment'
Return the last comment in a header.
(mail-header-get-comment
"Gnus/5.070027 (Pterodactyl Gnus v0.27) (Finnish Landrace)")
=> "Finnish Landrace"
'mail-header-parse-address'
Parse an address and return a list containing the mailbox and the
plaintext name.
(mail-header-parse-address
"Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic AT srce.hr>")
=> ("hniksic AT srce.hr" . "Hrvoje Niksic")
'mail-header-parse-addresses'
Parse a string with list of addresses and return a list of elements
like the one described above.
(mail-header-parse-addresses
"Hrvoje Niksic <hniksic AT srce.hr>, Steinar Bang <sb AT metis.no>")
=> (("hniksic AT srce.hr" . "Hrvoje Niksic")
("sb AT metis.no" . "Steinar Bang"))
'mail-header-parse-date'
Parse a date string and return an Emacs time structure.
'mail-narrow-to-head'
Narrow the buffer to the header section of the buffer. Point is
placed at the beginning of the narrowed buffer.
'mail-header-narrow-to-field'
Narrow the buffer to the header under point. Understands
continuation headers.
'mail-header-fold-field'
Fold the header under point.
'mail-header-unfold-field'
Unfold the header under point.
'mail-header-field-value'
Return the value of the field under point.
'mail-encode-encoded-word-region'
Encode the non-ASCII words in the region. For instance, 'Naïve' is
encoded as '=?iso-8859-1?q?Na=EFve?='.
'mail-encode-encoded-word-buffer'
Encode the non-ASCII words in the current buffer. This function is
meant to be called narrowed to the headers of a message.
'mail-encode-encoded-word-string'
Encode the words that need encoding in a string, and return the
result.
(mail-encode-encoded-word-string
"This is naïve, baby")
=> "This is =?iso-8859-1?q?na=EFve,?= baby"
'mail-decode-encoded-word-region'
Decode the encoded words in the region.
'mail-decode-encoded-word-string'
Decode the encoded words in the string and return the result.
(mail-decode-encoded-word-string
"This is =?iso-8859-1?q?na=EFve,?= baby")
=> "This is naïve, baby"
Currently, 'mail-parse' is an abstraction over 'ietf-drums',
'rfc2047', 'rfc2045' and 'rfc2231'. These are documented in the
subsequent sections.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Basic Functions, Next: Standards, Prev: Interface Functions, Up: Top
4 Basic Functions
*****************
This chapter describes the basic, ground-level functions for parsing and
handling. Covered here is parsing 'From' lines, removing comments from
header lines, decoding encoded words, parsing date headers and so on.
High-level functionality is dealt with in the first chapter (*note
Decoding and Viewing::).
* Menu:
* rfc2045:: Encoding 'Content-Type' headers.
* rfc2231:: Parsing 'Content-Type' headers.
* ietf-drums:: Handling mail headers defined by RFC822bis.
* rfc2047:: En/decoding encoded words in headers.
* time-date:: Functions for parsing dates and manipulating time.
* qp:: Quoted-Printable en/decoding.
* base64:: Base64 en/decoding.
* binhex:: Binhex decoding.
* uudecode:: Uuencode decoding.
* yenc:: Yenc decoding.
* rfc1843:: Decoding HZ-encoded text.
* mailcap:: How parts are displayed is specified by the '.mailcap' file
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: rfc2045, Next: rfc2231, Up: Basic Functions
4.1 rfc2045
===========
RFC2045 is the "main" MIME document, and as such, one would imagine that
there would be a lot to implement. But there isn't, since most of the
implementation details are delegated to the subsequent RFCs.
So 'rfc2045.el' has only a single function:
'rfc2045-encode-string'
Takes a parameter and a value and returns a 'PARAM=VALUE' string.
VALUE will be quoted if there are non-safe characters in it.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: rfc2231, Next: ietf-drums, Prev: rfc2045, Up: Basic Functions
4.2 rfc2231
===========
RFC2231 defines a syntax for the 'Content-Type' and
'Content-Disposition' headers. Its snappy name is "MIME Parameter Value
and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and
Continuations".
In short, these headers look something like this:
Content-Type: application/x-stuff;
title*0*=us-ascii'en'This%20is%20even%20more%20;
title*1*=%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A%20;
title*2="isn't it!"
They usually aren't this bad, though.
The following functions are defined by this library:
'rfc2231-parse-string'
Parse a 'Content-Type' header and return a list describing its
elements.
(rfc2231-parse-string
"application/x-stuff;
title*0*=us-ascii'en'This%20is%20even%20more%20;
title*1*=%2A%2A%2Afun%2A%2A%2A%20;
title*2=\"isn't it!\"")
=> ("application/x-stuff"
(title . "This is even more ***fun*** isn't it!"))
'rfc2231-get-value'
Takes one of the lists on the format above and returns the value of
the specified attribute.
'rfc2231-encode-string'
Encode a parameter in headers likes 'Content-Type' and
'Content-Disposition'.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: ietf-drums, Next: rfc2047, Prev: rfc2231, Up: Basic Functions
4.3 ietf-drums
==============
"drums" is an IETF working group that is working on the replacement for
RFC822.
The functions provided by this library include:
'ietf-drums-remove-comments'
Remove the comments from the argument and return the results.
'ietf-drums-remove-whitespace'
Remove linear white space from the string and return the results.
Spaces inside quoted strings and comments are left untouched.
'ietf-drums-get-comment'
Return the last most comment from the string.
'ietf-drums-parse-address'
Parse an address string and return a list that contains the mailbox
and the plain text name.
'ietf-drums-parse-addresses'
Parse a string that contains any number of comma-separated
addresses and return a list that contains mailbox/plain text pairs.
'ietf-drums-parse-date'
Parse a date string and return an Emacs time structure.
'ietf-drums-narrow-to-header'
Narrow the buffer to the header section of the current buffer.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: rfc2047, Next: time-date, Prev: ietf-drums, Up: Basic Functions
4.4 rfc2047
===========
RFC2047 (Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text) specifies how
non-ASCII text in headers are to be encoded. This is actually rather
complicated, so a number of variables are necessary to tweak what this
library does.
The following variables are tweakable:
'rfc2047-header-encoding-alist'
This is an alist of header / encoding-type pairs. Its main purpose
is to prevent encoding of certain headers.
The keys can either be header regexps, or 't'.
The values can be 'nil', in which case the header(s) in question
won't be encoded, 'mime', which means that they will be encoded, or
'address-mime', which means the header(s) will be encoded carefully
assuming they contain addresses.
'rfc2047-charset-encoding-alist'
RFC2047 specifies two forms of encoding--'Q' (a
Quoted-Printable-like encoding) and 'B' (base64). This alist
specifies which charset should use which encoding.
'rfc2047-encode-function-alist'
This is an alist of encoding / function pairs. The encodings are
'Q', 'B' and 'nil'.
'rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp'
When decoding words, this library looks for matches to this regexp.
'rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp-loose'
This is a version from which the regexp for the Q encoding pattern
of 'rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp' is made loose.
'rfc2047-encode-encoded-words'
The boolean variable specifies whether encoded words (e.g.,
'=?us-ascii?q?hello?=') should be encoded again.
'rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp' is used to look for such words.
'rfc2047-allow-irregular-q-encoded-words'
The boolean variable specifies whether irregular Q encoded words
(e.g., '=?us-ascii?q?hello??=') should be decoded. If it is
non-'nil', 'rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp-loose' is used instead of
'rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp' to look for encoded words.
Those were the variables, and these are this functions:
'rfc2047-narrow-to-field'
Narrow the buffer to the header on the current line.
'rfc2047-encode-message-header'
Should be called narrowed to the header of a message. Encodes
according to 'rfc2047-header-encoding-alist'.
'rfc2047-encode-region'
Encodes all encodable words in the region specified.
'rfc2047-encode-string'
Encode a string and return the results.
'rfc2047-decode-region'
Decode the encoded words in the region.
'rfc2047-decode-string'
Decode a string and return the results.
'rfc2047-encode-parameter'
Encode a parameter in the RFC2047-like style. This is a
substitution for the 'rfc2231-encode-string' function, that is the
standard but many mailers don't support it. *Note rfc2231::.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: time-date, Next: qp, Prev: rfc2047, Up: Basic Functions
4.5 time-date
=============
While not really a part of the MIME library, it is convenient to
document this library here. It deals with parsing 'Date' headers and
manipulating time. (Not by using tesseracts, though, I'm sorry to say.)
These functions convert between five formats: A date string, an Emacs
time structure, a decoded time list, a second number, and a day number.
Here's a bunch of time/date/second/day examples:
(parse-time-string "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200")
=> (54 21 12 12 9 1998 6 nil 7200)
(date-to-time "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200")
=> (13818 19266)
(time-to-seconds '(13818 19266))
=> 905595714.0
(seconds-to-time 905595714.0)
=> (13818 19266 0 0)
(time-to-days '(13818 19266))
=> 729644
(days-to-time 729644)
=> (961933 512)
(time-since '(13818 19266))
=> (6797 9607 984839 247000)
(time-less-p '(13818 19266) '(13818 19145))
=> nil
(subtract-time '(13818 19266) '(13818 19145))
=> (0 121)
(days-between "Sat Sep 12 12:21:54 1998 +0200"
"Sat Sep 07 12:21:54 1998 +0200")
=> 5
(date-leap-year-p 2000)
=> t
(time-to-day-in-year '(13818 19266))
=> 255
(time-to-number-of-days
(time-since
(date-to-time "Mon, 01 Jan 2001 02:22:26 GMT")))
=> 4314.095589286675
And finally, we have 'safe-date-to-time', which does the same as
'date-to-time', but returns a zero time if the date is syntactically
malformed.
The five data representations used are the following:
DATE
An RFC822 (or similar) date string. For instance: '"Sat Sep 12
12:21:54 1998 +0200"'.
TIME
An internal Emacs time. For instance: '(13818 26466 0 0)'.
SECONDS
A floating point representation of the internal Emacs time. For
instance: '905595714.0'.
DAYS
An integer number representing the number of days since 00000101.
For instance: '729644'.
DECODED TIME
A list of decoded time. For instance: '(54 21 12 12 9 1998 6 t
7200)'.
All the examples above represent the same moment.
These are the functions available:
'date-to-time'
Take a date and return a time.
'time-to-seconds'
Take a time and return seconds. Note that Emacs has a built-in
function, 'float-time', that does this.
'seconds-to-time'
Take seconds and return a time.
'time-to-days'
Take a time and return days.
'days-to-time'
Take days and return a time.
'date-to-day'
Take a date and return days.
'time-to-number-of-days'
Take a time and return the number of days that represents.
'safe-date-to-time'
Take a date and return a time. If the date is not syntactically
valid, return a "zero" time.
'time-less-p'
Take two times and say whether the first time is less (i.e.,
earlier) than the second time.
'time-since'
Take a time and return a time saying how long it was since that
time.
'subtract-time'
Take two times and subtract the second from the first. I.e.,
return the time between the two times.
'days-between'
Take two days and return the number of days between those two days.
'date-leap-year-p'
Take a year number and say whether it's a leap year.
'time-to-day-in-year'
Take a time and return the day number within the year that the time
is in.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: qp, Next: base64, Prev: time-date, Up: Basic Functions
4.6 qp
======
This library deals with decoding and encoding Quoted-Printable text.
Very briefly explained, qp encoding means translating all 8-bit
characters (and lots of control characters) into things that look like
'=EF'; that is, an equal sign followed by the byte encoded as a hex
string.
The following functions are defined by the library:
'quoted-printable-decode-region'
QP-decode all the encoded text in the specified region.
'quoted-printable-decode-string'
Decode the QP-encoded text in a string and return the results.
'quoted-printable-encode-region'
QP-encode all the encodable characters in the specified region.
The third optional parameter FOLD specifies whether to fold long
lines. (Long here means 72.)
'quoted-printable-encode-string'
QP-encode all the encodable characters in a string and return the
results.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: base64, Next: binhex, Prev: qp, Up: Basic Functions
4.7 base64
==========
Base64 is an encoding that encodes three bytes into four characters,
thereby increasing the size by about 33%. The alphabet used for
encoding is very resistant to mangling during transit.
The following functions are defined by this library:
'base64-encode-region'
base64 encode the selected region. Return the length of the
encoded text. Optional third argument NO-LINE-BREAK means do not
break long lines into shorter lines.
'base64-encode-string'
base64 encode a string and return the result.
'base64-decode-region'
base64 decode the selected region. Return the length of the
decoded text. If the region can't be decoded, return 'nil' and
don't modify the buffer.
'base64-decode-string'
base64 decode a string and return the result. If the string can't
be decoded, 'nil' is returned.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: binhex, Next: uudecode, Prev: base64, Up: Basic Functions
4.8 binhex
==========
'binhex' is an encoding that originated in Macintosh environments. The
following function is supplied to deal with these:
'binhex-decode-region'
Decode the encoded text in the region. If given a third parameter,
only decode the 'binhex' header and return the filename.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: uudecode, Next: yenc, Prev: binhex, Up: Basic Functions
4.9 uudecode
============
'uuencode' is probably still the most popular encoding of binaries used
on Usenet, although 'base64' rules the mail world.
The following function is supplied by this package:
'uudecode-decode-region'
Decode the text in the region.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: yenc, Next: rfc1843, Prev: uudecode, Up: Basic Functions
4.10 yenc
=========
'yenc' is used for encoding binaries on Usenet. The following function
is supplied by this package:
'yenc-decode-region'
Decode the encoded text in the region.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: rfc1843, Next: mailcap, Prev: yenc, Up: Basic Functions
4.11 rfc1843
============
RFC1843 deals with mixing Chinese and ASCII characters in messages. In
essence, RFC1843 switches between ASCII and Chinese by doing this:
This sentence is in ASCII.
The next sentence is in GB.~{<:Ky2;S{#,NpJ)l6HK!#~}Bye.
Simple enough, and widely used in China.
The following functions are available to handle this encoding:
'rfc1843-decode-region'
Decode HZ-encoded text in the region.
'rfc1843-decode-string'
Decode a HZ-encoded string and return the result.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: mailcap, Prev: rfc1843, Up: Basic Functions
4.12 mailcap
============
The '~/.mailcap' file is parsed by most MIME-aware message handlers and
describes how elements are supposed to be displayed. Here's an example
file:
image/*; gimp -8 %s
audio/wav; wavplayer %s
application/msword; catdoc %s ; copiousoutput ; nametemplate=%s.doc
This says that all image files should be displayed with 'gimp', that
WAVE audio files should be played by 'wavplayer', and that MS-WORD files
should be inlined by 'catdoc'.
The 'mailcap' library parses this file, and provides functions for
matching types.
'mailcap-mime-data'
This variable is an alist of alists containing backup viewing
rules.
Interface functions:
'mailcap-parse-mailcaps'
Parse the '~/.mailcap' file.
'mailcap-mime-info'
Takes a MIME type as its argument and returns the matching viewer.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Standards, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Basic Functions, Up: Top
5 Standards
***********
The Emacs MIME library implements handling of various elements according
to a (somewhat) large number of RFCs, drafts and standards documents.
This chapter lists the relevant ones. They can all be fetched from
<http://quimby.gnus.org/notes/>.
"RFC822"
"STD11"
Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages.
"RFC1036"
Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages
"RFC2045"
Format of Internet Message Bodies
"RFC2046"
Media Types
"RFC2047"
Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text
"RFC2048"
Registration Procedures
"RFC2049"
Conformance Criteria and Examples
"RFC2231"
MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets,
Languages, and Continuations
"RFC1843"
HZ--A Data Format for Exchanging Files of Arbitrarily Mixed Chinese
and ASCII characters
"draft-ietf-drums-msg-fmt-05.txt"
Draft for the successor of RFC822
"RFC2112"
The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type
"RFC1892"
The Multipart/Report Content Type for the Reporting of Mail System
Administrative Messages
"RFC2183"
Communicating Presentation Information in Internet Messages: The
Content-Disposition Header Field
"RFC2646"
Documentation of the text/plain format parameter for flowed text.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Index, Prev: Standards, Up: Top
6 GNU Free Documentation License
********************************
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard
network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
<http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
File: emacs-mime.info, Node: Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
7 Index
*******
[index]
* Menu:
* Apple: binhex. (line 6)
* base64: base64. (line 6)
* base64-decode-region: base64. (line 21)
* base64-decode-string: base64. (line 26)
* base64-encode-region: base64. (line 13)
* base64-encode-string: base64. (line 18)
* binhex: Non-MIME. (line 21)
* binhex <1>: binhex. (line 6)
* binhex-decode-region: binhex. (line 10)
* charsets: Charset Translation. (line 6)
* Chinese: rfc1843. (line 6)
* Composing: Composing. (line 6)
* diff: Non-MIME. (line 49)
* emacs-sources: Non-MIME. (line 45)
* format=flowed: Flowed text. (line 6)
* forward: Non-MIME. (line 30)
* gnatsweb: Non-MIME. (line 33)
* HZ: rfc1843. (line 6)
* ietf-drums-get-comment: ietf-drums. (line 19)
* ietf-drums-narrow-to-header: ietf-drums. (line 33)
* ietf-drums-parse-address: ietf-drums. (line 22)
* ietf-drums-parse-addresses: ietf-drums. (line 26)
* ietf-drums-parse-date: ietf-drums. (line 30)
* ietf-drums-remove-comments: ietf-drums. (line 12)
* ietf-drums-remove-whitespace: ietf-drums. (line 15)
* interface functions: Interface Functions. (line 6)
* LaTeX: Non-MIME. (line 57)
* Macintosh: binhex. (line 6)
* mail-content-type-get: Interface Functions. (line 54)
* mail-decode-encoded-word-region: Interface Functions. (line 142)
* mail-decode-encoded-word-string: Interface Functions. (line 145)
* mail-encode-encoded-word-buffer: Interface Functions. (line 130)
* mail-encode-encoded-word-region: Interface Functions. (line 126)
* mail-encode-encoded-word-string: Interface Functions. (line 134)
* mail-header-encode-parameter: Interface Functions. (line 62)
* mail-header-field-value: Interface Functions. (line 123)
* mail-header-fold-field: Interface Functions. (line 117)
* mail-header-get-comment: Interface Functions. (line 82)
* mail-header-narrow-to-field: Interface Functions. (line 113)
* mail-header-parse-address: Interface Functions. (line 89)
* mail-header-parse-addresses: Interface Functions. (line 97)
* mail-header-parse-content-disposition: Interface Functions. (line 50)
* mail-header-parse-content-type: Interface Functions. (line 35)
* mail-header-parse-date: Interface Functions. (line 106)
* mail-header-remove-comments: Interface Functions. (line 67)
* mail-header-remove-whitespace: Interface Functions. (line 74)
* mail-header-unfold-field: Interface Functions. (line 120)
* mail-narrow-to-head: Interface Functions. (line 109)
* mail-parse: Interface Functions. (line 6)
* mail-parse-charset: Charset Translation. (line 9)
* mailcap-mime-data: mailcap. (line 22)
* mailcap-parse-mailcaps: mailcap. (line 28)
* MIME Composing: Composing. (line 6)
* MIME Meta Language: Composing. (line 6)
* mime-to-mml: Conversion. (line 6)
* mm-attachment-override-types: Display Customization.
(line 35)
* mm-automatic-display: Display Customization.
(line 22)
* mm-automatic-display-p: Display. (line 18)
* mm-automatic-external-display: Display Customization.
(line 27)
* mm-body-charset-encoding-alist: Encoding Customization.
(line 7)
* mm-coding-system-priorities: Encoding Customization.
(line 24)
* mm-content-transfer-encoding-defaults: Encoding Customization.
(line 62)
* mm-default-directory: Files and Directories.
(line 7)
* mm-destroy-part: Display. (line 21)
* mm-discouraged-alternatives: Display Customization.
(line 42)
* mm-display-part: Display. (line 9)
* mm-enable-external: Display Customization.
(line 133)
* mm-external-terminal-program: Display Customization.
(line 130)
* mm-file-name-collapse-whitespace: Files and Directories.
(line 33)
* mm-file-name-delete-control: Files and Directories.
(line 19)
* mm-file-name-delete-gotchas: Files and Directories.
(line 22)
* mm-file-name-delete-whitespace: Files and Directories.
(line 27)
* mm-file-name-replace-whitespace: Files and Directories.
(line 36)
* mm-file-name-replace-whitespace <1>: Files and Directories.
(line 36)
* mm-file-name-rewrite-functions: Files and Directories.
(line 14)
* mm-file-name-trim-whitespace: Files and Directories.
(line 30)
* mm-fill-flowed: Flowed text. (line 29)
* mm-handle-buffer: Handles. (line 11)
* mm-handle-disposition: Handles. (line 28)
* mm-handle-encoding: Handles. (line 18)
* mm-handle-set-undisplayer: Handles. (line 25)
* mm-handle-type: Handles. (line 15)
* mm-handle-undisplayer: Handles. (line 21)
* mm-inlinable-p: Display. (line 15)
* mm-inline-images-max-proportion: Display Customization.
(line 89)
* mm-inline-large-images: Display Customization.
(line 77)
* mm-inline-media-tests: Display Customization.
(line 7)
* mm-inline-override-types: Display Customization.
(line 92)
* mm-inline-text-html-with-images: Display Customization.
(line 109)
* mm-inline-text-html-with-w3m-keymap: Display Customization.
(line 126)
* mm-inlined-types: Display Customization.
(line 17)
* mm-interactively-view-part: Display. (line 30)
* mm-keep-viewer-alive-types: Display Customization.
(line 31)
* mm-mime-mule-charset-alist: Charset Translation. (line 18)
* mm-path-name-rewrite-functions: Files and Directories.
(line 44)
* mm-pipe-part: Display. (line 27)
* mm-remove-part: Display. (line 12)
* mm-save-part: Display. (line 24)
* mm-text-html-renderer: Display Customization.
(line 102)
* mm-tmp-directory: Files and Directories.
(line 11)
* mm-use-ultra-safe-encoding: Encoding Customization.
(line 81)
* mm-uu-configure-list: Non-MIME. (line 6)
* mm-uu-diff-groups-regexp: Non-MIME. (line 49)
* mm-uu-emacs-sources-regexp: Non-MIME. (line 45)
* mm-uu-extract: Non-MIME. (line 60)
* mm-w3m-safe-url-regexp: Display Customization.
(line 118)
* MML: Composing. (line 6)
* mml-generate-mime: Composing. (line 10)
* mml-to-mime: Conversion. (line 12)
* MULE: Charset Translation. (line 18)
* pgp-encrypted: Non-MIME. (line 39)
* pgp-key: Non-MIME. (line 42)
* pgp-signed: Non-MIME. (line 36)
* postscript: Non-MIME. (line 15)
* quoted-printable-decode-region: qp. (line 16)
* quoted-printable-decode-string: qp. (line 19)
* quoted-printable-encode-region: qp. (line 22)
* quoted-printable-encode-string: qp. (line 27)
* rfc1843: rfc1843. (line 6)
* rfc2045-encode-string: rfc2045. (line 13)
* rfc2047-allow-irregular-q-encoded-words: rfc2047. (line 46)
* rfc2047-charset-encoding-alist: rfc2047. (line 25)
* rfc2047-decode-region: rfc2047. (line 67)
* rfc2047-decode-string: rfc2047. (line 70)
* rfc2047-encode-encoded-words: rfc2047. (line 41)
* rfc2047-encode-function-alist: rfc2047. (line 30)
* rfc2047-encode-message-header: rfc2047. (line 57)
* rfc2047-encode-parameter: rfc2047. (line 73)
* rfc2047-encode-region: rfc2047. (line 61)
* rfc2047-encode-string: rfc2047. (line 64)
* rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp: rfc2047. (line 34)
* rfc2047-encoded-word-regexp-loose: rfc2047. (line 37)
* rfc2047-header-encoding-alist: rfc2047. (line 14)
* rfc2047-narrow-to-field: rfc2047. (line 54)
* rfc2231-encode-string: rfc2231. (line 39)
* rfc2231-get-value: rfc2231. (line 35)
* rfc2231-parse-string: rfc2231. (line 23)
* shar: Non-MIME. (line 27)
* text/x-verbatim: Non-MIME. (line 60)
* Unicode: Charset Translation. (line 18)
* UTF-8: Charset Translation. (line 18)
* uu: Non-MIME. (line 18)
* uudecode: uudecode. (line 6)
* uudecode-decode-region: uudecode. (line 12)
* uuencode: uudecode. (line 6)
* verbatim-marks: Non-MIME. (line 54)
* yenc: Non-MIME. (line 24)
* yenc <1>: yenc. (line 6)
* yenc-decode-region: yenc. (line 10)
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2024-04-25 04:02 @18.223.107.149 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)